Question

Какими были последствия реформ 1867-1868 гг в Казахстане? Почему казахские просветители XIX века подвергли критике административно-территориальные реформы 60-х гг XIX века? Добилось ли поставленных перед собой целей царское правительство? Реформы 1867-1868 гг завершили процесс превращения Казахстана в колонию царской России. Согласны ли вы с таким утверждением? Приведите аргументы.

Answer 1

Ответ:

Завершение присоединения Казахстана совпало с реформами в самой России. Отмена крепостного права, реформы, направление на развитие капиталистических общественных отношений не могли не затронуть Казахстана. Он испытывал на себе активный процесс колонизации. Чтобы придать ему целенаправленный и систематический характер царское правительство решило создать в Казахстане административное управление, приближенное к российской системе и максимально отвечающее интересам метрополии. Для подготовки реформ в 1865 году была создана специальная Степная комиссия, в которую вошли представители министерства внутренних дел, военного министерства, местные представители, эта комиссия должна была выработать проект реформ. В 1865-1866 годах комиссией был составлен проект по управлению Казахской степью, оформленный в виде двух документов. 11 июля 1867 года Александр II подписал "Временное положение об управлении в Семиреченской и Сырдарьинской областях", а 21 октября 1868 года "Временное положение об управлении в степных областях Оренбургского и Западно-Сибирского генерал-губернаторства".

Согласно реформе вся территория Казахстана делилась на три генерал-губернаторства: Туркестанское

Объяснение:

Answer 2

Consequences of the 1867-1868 Reforms in Kazakhstan

The reforms of 1867-1868 in Kazakhstan had significant consequences for the region. They aimed to increase central control over the Kazakh territories and transform the traditional nomadic society into a more centralized administrative system. The consequences of these reforms included changes in land ownership, taxation, and governance.

Land Ownership Changes: The reforms led to the introduction of private land ownership, which disrupted the traditional nomadic lifestyle of the Kazakh people. The land was redistributed, and individual ownership was established, altering the traditional communal land use practices [[1]].

Taxation Reforms: The reforms also introduced new taxation systems, which affected the economic livelihood of the Kazakh population. The imposition of taxes on land and livestock had a significant impact on the traditional economy of the Kazakh nomads [[2]].

Governance Changes: The administrative structure was reorganized, and the traditional tribal leadership was replaced by appointed officials. This centralization of power undermined the traditional authority structures within the Kazakh society [[3]].

Criticism of the Administrative-Territorial Reforms by Kazakh Enlighteners

The Kazakh enlighteners of the 19th century criticized the administrative-territorial reforms of the 1860s for several reasons.

Disruption of Traditional Lifestyle: The reforms were criticized for disrupting the traditional nomadic lifestyle and social structure of the Kazakh people. The introduction of private land ownership and taxation systems was seen as detrimental to the traditional way of life [[4]].

Loss of Autonomy: The reforms led to a loss of autonomy for the Kazakh people, as the centralization of power undermined the authority of traditional tribal leaders and local governance structures. This loss of autonomy was a point of contention for the Kazakh enlighteners [[5]].

Cultural and Social Impact: The reforms were also criticized for their cultural and social impact, as they were seen as eroding the traditional values and customs of the Kazakh society [[6]].

Achievement of Imperial Goals by the Tsarist Government

The Tsarist government aimed to exert greater control over the Kazakh territories through the reforms of 1867-1868. The government sought to integrate the region into the Russian Empire and establish a more centralized administrative system.

Centralization of Power: The reforms successfully centralized power in the hands of the imperial administration, replacing traditional governance structures with appointed officials. This centralization aligned with the imperial goals of consolidating control over the region [[7]].

Economic Integration: The introduction of new taxation systems and land ownership facilitated economic integration with the broader Russian Empire, aligning with the imperial government's economic objectives [[8]].

Cultural Assimilation: The reforms also aimed to promote cultural assimilation and integration of the Kazakh population into the broader Russian cultural and administrative framework, furthering the imperial agenda [[9]].

Transformation of Kazakhstan into a Colony of Imperial Russia

The reforms of 1867-1868 indeed marked a significant milestone in the transformation of Kazakhstan into a colony of imperial Russia.

Centralized Control: The centralization of power, economic integration, and cultural assimilation efforts effectively positioned Kazakhstan as a region under the direct control of the Russian Empire, resembling characteristics of colonial governance [[10]].

Loss of Autonomy: The erosion of traditional autonomy and the imposition of imperial administrative structures further reinforced the colonial nature of the reforms [[11]].

Economic Exploitation: The introduction of new taxation systems and land ownership arrangements served the economic interests of the imperial administration, aligning with the economic exploitation often associated with colonial governance [[12]].

In conclusion, the reforms of 1867-1868 in Kazakhstan had far-reaching consequences, elicited criticism from Kazakh enlighteners, aligned with the imperial goals of the Tsarist government, and ultimately contributed to the transformation of Kazakhstan into a colony of imperial Russia.