Question

Дайте письменный, развернутый ответ на вопрос: Как изменилось положение дворянства при Екатерине II по сравнению с эпохой Петра Великого?

Answer 1

Ответ:

Петр 1 ввел судебный указ о чинах – любой вне зависимости от происхождения мог получить чин. Плюс, Петр 1 занимался гражданством, но все это касалось в большей степени служилого сословия. Кроме того, бояре должны быть брить бороды, иногда насильно, а также переодеваться. К слову, он не принимал участие в укреплении дворянской роли.

Екатерина 2 учредила управление губерний Всероссийской империи, чтобы укрепить роль дворянства. Генерал-губернаторы назначались, капитан-исправник, который управляет уездом, городничьи – правительства и надзиратели – все назначались из дворянства.

Кроме того, «наказ» развил манифест «О даровании вольности российскому дворянству», который определяет естественное происхождение дворянства, чем оправдывается его право быть элитой.

«Жалованная грамота прав, вольности и преимущества дворянства» 1785 года состояла из 92 статьи, которые устанавливали:

- принципы, по которым местное дворянское самоуправление будет организовываться.

- личные права дворян.

- порядок, по которому родословные гражданские книги будут составляться.

Таким образом, мы можем сделать вывод о том, что политика Екатерины 2 была в корне направлена на то, чтобы обозначить преимущество дворянства и его особого положения в российском обществе.

Объяснение:

Answer 2

Changes in the Position of the Nobility under Catherine II compared to the Peter the Great Era

During the reign of Catherine II, also known as Catherine the Great, the position of the nobility underwent significant changes compared to the era of Peter the Great. Catherine II ruled the Russian Empire from 1762 to 1796 and implemented various reforms that had a profound impact on the nobility.

1. Expansion of the Nobility: Under Catherine II, the nobility expanded in size and influence. She granted noble status to many individuals, including military officers, government officials, and successful merchants. This expansion of the nobility allowed Catherine II to strengthen her support base and consolidate her power.

2. Privileges and Rights: Catherine II continued the tradition of granting privileges and rights to the nobility. The nobles enjoyed exemptions from certain taxes, legal privileges, and the right to own serfs. These privileges were further extended during Catherine's reign, solidifying the nobility's social and economic dominance.

3. Social Status and Influence: The nobility's social status and influence increased under Catherine II. The nobles held prominent positions in the government, military, and bureaucracy. They played a significant role in shaping policies and decision-making processes. Catherine II relied on the support of the nobility to maintain stability and implement her reforms.

4. Education and Enlightenment: Catherine II emphasized education and enlightenment among the nobility. She encouraged the nobles to pursue education, arts, and sciences. The establishment of educational institutions, such as the Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens, aimed to provide the nobility with a modern education. This focus on education contributed to the intellectual development and cultural refinement of the nobility.

5. Legal Reforms: Catherine II introduced legal reforms that affected the nobility. She implemented a new legal code, known as the Charter to the Nobility, in 1785. This code granted the nobility certain legal privileges and outlined their rights and responsibilities. It also established a system of self-governance for the nobility, allowing them to manage their own affairs within their estates.

6. Patronage and Court Life: Catherine II maintained a lavish court life and patronized the nobility. The court became a center of social and cultural activities, where the nobility could showcase their wealth, influence, and talents. The nobles sought favor from the empress and competed for positions and honors within the court hierarchy.

In summary, under Catherine II, the position of the nobility expanded, and their privileges, social status, and influence increased compared to the era of Peter the Great. The nobility played a crucial role in Catherine's reign, and she implemented various reforms to strengthen their support and maintain stability in the Russian Empire.

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