Question

Почему неоднократные попытки проведения экономических реформ в СССР оказывались без результатами? Почему в СССР провалилась компания по выращиванию? Желательно кратко. За ранее спасибо!

Answer 1

Ответ:

Начнем с экономики.

Зачастую реформы в этой области заканчивались не удовлетворительно. На то есть ряд причин которые можно обобщить в следующем виде:  

1) За частую реформы саботировались (при чем на разных уровнях). Иногда это было связанно с идеологическим аспектом, иногда с алчными намереньями.

2) Сама советская система имела ряд собственных особенностей которые не позволяли воплощать определенные положения реформ в жизнь.    

3) И в конце концов, реформы, по тем или иным причинам, начинали сворачивать.

А говоря про с/х, то тут сыграло роль пренебрежение к объективным условиям и научно обоснованным рекомендациям. Банально это выражалось в том, что попытка не учитывала климатических условий страны, поэтому была в целом провальной.

Answer 2

Economic Reforms in the USSR

The Soviet Union made several attempts to implement economic reforms throughout its history. However, these reforms often failed to produce the desired results. There were several reasons for the lack of success:

1. Centralized Planning: The Soviet economy was based on a centralized planning system, where the government controlled all aspects of production and distribution. This top-down approach often led to inefficiencies, as decision-making was concentrated in the hands of a few central planners [[1]].

2. Lack of Market Mechanisms: The absence of market mechanisms, such as price signals and competition, hindered the efficient allocation of resources. Without the ability to respond to market demand and adjust prices accordingly, the Soviet economy struggled to meet consumer needs and allocate resources effectively [[2]].

3. Bureaucratic Inefficiencies: The Soviet bureaucracy was notorious for its inefficiencies and corruption. Excessive red tape, lack of accountability, and a rigid hierarchy hindered the implementation of reforms and stifled innovation [[3]].

4. Resistance to Change: The Soviet system was resistant to change and often favored stability over experimentation. This resistance, coupled with the fear of losing control, made it difficult to implement and sustain meaningful reforms [[4]].

5. Inadequate Incentives: The Soviet system lacked proper incentives for individual initiative and entrepreneurship. The absence of profit motives and private ownership limited innovation and productivity growth [[5]].

Failure of Collective Farming

One of the notable failures in the Soviet Union was the collective farming system, known as kolkhozes. The reasons for its failure include:

1. Lack of Incentives: Collective farming removed individual incentives for farmers to work hard and increase productivity. The system relied on communal ownership and shared profits, which often led to a lack of motivation and reduced agricultural output [[6]].

2. Inefficient Resource Allocation: The centralized planning system in the Soviet Union did not effectively allocate resources to the agricultural sector. The lack of market mechanisms and the focus on heavy industry resulted in inadequate investment in agriculture, leading to low productivity and food shortages [[7]].

3. Resistance to Change: The collective farming system faced resistance from farmers who were accustomed to traditional farming practices. The forced collectivization and the elimination of private land ownership created resentment and resistance, further hampering the success of the system [[8]].

4. Environmental Factors: The Soviet Union also faced environmental challenges, such as unfavorable climate conditions and poor land management practices. These factors contributed to lower agricultural productivity and made it difficult to achieve self-sufficiency in food production [[9]].

In summary, the lack of success in implementing economic reforms in the USSR can be attributed to factors such as centralized planning, the absence of market mechanisms, bureaucratic inefficiencies, resistance to change, and inadequate incentives. The failure of the collective farming system can be attributed to the lack of individual incentives, inefficient resource allocation, resistance to change, and environmental factors.