Question

Назовите основные проблемы (вызовы), с которыми столкнулось руководство СССР в последний год существования СССР(не менее 3-х). Приведите примеры конкретных действий, предпринимавшихся в этот год советским руководством для решения проблем(не менее 3-х)

Answer 1

Проблемы с которыми столкнулось руководство СССР в последний год существования СССР:

1)перерождение партийной элиты, как следствие желания личного обогащения не скованного никакими рамками.

2)отказ от монополии внешней торговли, во многом способствовавший возникновению отрицательного внешнеторгового сальдо, что ещё более било по бюджету и способствовало росту внешнего долга.

3)неудачные попытки реформирования плановой экономики, приведшие к её стагнации, а позже и к развалу, что подорвало доверие населения к экономической системе.

Действия советского руководства в последний год существования СССР:

1)Денежная реформа — 22 января 1991 г.

2)Референдум о сохранении СССР  — 17 марта 1991 г.

3)Союзный договор—по инициативе Михаила Горбачева был разработан новый проект Союзного договора. С 23 апреля по 23 июля 1991 года шли переговоры между Горбачевым и президентами девяти союзных республик (РСФСР, Украинской, Белорусской, Казахской, Узбекской, Азербайджанской, Таджикской, Киргизской и Туркменской ССР) о создании Союза Советских Суверенных Республик, которые получили название "новоогаревский процесс". В июле 1991 года участники переговоров одобрили проект договора в целом и назначили его подписание на время проведения Съезда народных депутатов СССР в сентябре - октябре 1991 года.

Answer 2

Challenges Faced by the Soviet Leadership in the Last Year of the USSR

The Soviet Union faced several significant challenges in its final year of existence. Here are three key problems that the Soviet leadership encountered:

1. Economic Crisis and Collapse: The Soviet economy was in a state of crisis, characterized by inefficiency, stagnation, and a lack of innovation. The centrally planned economic system had failed to keep up with the demands of a modern global economy. The government struggled to address issues such as widespread corruption, inadequate infrastructure, and a decline in productivity. The economic challenges ultimately contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Union.

2. Nationalism and Ethnic Conflicts: The Soviet Union was a multinational state composed of various ethnic groups. In the last year of the USSR, nationalist sentiments and ethnic tensions intensified. Many republics within the Soviet Union sought greater autonomy or even independence. The rise of nationalist movements, such as the Baltic independence movements, posed a significant challenge to the Soviet leadership. The government's attempts to suppress these movements often led to violent clashes and further fueled the disintegration of the Soviet Union.

3. Political Instability and Leadership Crisis: The last year of the USSR was marked by political instability and a crisis of leadership. The Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, faced opposition from conservative elements within the Communist Party who were resistant to his reform policies. The August 1991 coup attempt by hardline communists further destabilized the government. Gorbachev's inability to effectively address these challenges weakened his authority and contributed to the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

Actions Taken by the Soviet Leadership to Address the Problems

To address these challenges, the Soviet leadership took several actions in its final year. Here are three examples:

1. Economic Reforms: In an attempt to revive the struggling economy, the Soviet government implemented economic reforms known as perestroika. These reforms aimed to introduce elements of market economy and decentralization. However, the implementation of perestroika faced numerous obstacles, including resistance from conservative elements within the Communist Party and a lack of effective implementation strategies. Despite these efforts, the economic crisis continued to worsen, contributing to the eventual collapse of the Soviet Union.

2. Negotiations with Republics: The Soviet leadership engaged in negotiations with various republics seeking greater autonomy or independence. For example, in the case of the Baltic states, the Soviet government attempted to negotiate a compromise that would allow for increased autonomy while maintaining the integrity of the Soviet Union. However, these negotiations were largely unsuccessful, and the Baltic states eventually declared independence, further accelerating the disintegration of the USSR.

3. Political Reforms and Democratization: In response to the political instability and demands for greater political freedoms, the Soviet leadership introduced political reforms aimed at democratization. These reforms included the legalization of political parties other than the Communist Party, the introduction of competitive elections, and the establishment of a new presidency. However, the implementation of these reforms was hindered by the opposition from conservative elements within the Communist Party and the overall political turmoil of the time.

It is important to note that these actions were taken in a complex and rapidly changing political environment, and their effectiveness varied. Ultimately, the challenges facing the Soviet Union proved insurmountable, leading to its dissolution in December 1991.