Question

Каковы были национальные интересы России при Александре 2?

Answer 1

Ответ:

При вступлении на престол в 1855 г. Александру II пришлось завершать две войны, доставшиеся ему в наследство от царствования отца, Николая I. До осени 1855 г. в Крыму продолжалась осада Севастополя. Военные действия прекратились с взятием французами Малахова кургана и переходом защитников Севастополя на северную сторону бухты. Операции в Евпатории имели второстепенное значение. Возобновились переговоры в Париже, где русскую делегацию возглавил князь А. Ф. Орлов. Ему удалось использовать противоречия между победителями и добиться смягчения условий мира: он не предусматривал репараций, контрибуций. Согласно Парижскому мирному договору 1856 г., Россия вернула Турции Карс в обмен на Севастополь и другие города, занятые союзниками; Черное море объявлялось нейтральным; провозглашалась свобода плавания по Дунаю; державы обязываясь не вмешиваться в дела Турции.

Объяснение:

Answer 2

National Interests of Russia under Alexander II

During the reign of Alexander II of Russia (1855-1881), the country's national interests were shaped by a combination of internal reforms and external challenges. Here are some key aspects of Russia's national interests during this period:

Modernization and Industrialization: Alexander II recognized the need to modernize Russia's economy and military to keep up with the rapidly changing world. He implemented various reforms aimed at promoting industrialization, improving infrastructure, and modernizing the military. These efforts were driven by the desire to strengthen Russia's position as a great power and ensure its economic and military competitiveness.

Territorial Expansion and Security: Russia's national interests under Alexander II also included territorial expansion and the preservation of its security. The country sought to consolidate its control over the vast territories of the Russian Empire and protect its borders from potential threats. This led to conflicts and wars, such as the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878, which aimed to secure Russian influence in the Balkans and protect the rights of Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire.

Emancipation of the Serfs: One of the most significant domestic reforms undertaken by Alexander II was the emancipation of the serfs in 1861. This reform aimed to address social and economic issues within Russia by granting personal freedoms to millions of serfs and transforming the agricultural system. The emancipation of the serfs was driven by the desire to modernize the country's social structure, improve productivity, and alleviate social tensions.

Stability and Social Order: Another important national interest of Russia under Alexander II was the maintenance of stability and social order. The country faced various internal challenges, including growing discontent among different social groups and the threat of revolutionary movements. Alexander II implemented several reforms to address these issues, such as judicial and administrative reforms, aimed at improving governance and ensuring social stability.

International Prestige and Diplomacy: Russia's national interests also included maintaining its international prestige and influence. Alexander II pursued an active foreign policy, engaging in diplomatic relations with other European powers and participating in international conferences and alliances. The country aimed to protect its interests and maintain its status as a major player in European affairs.

It is important to note that these national interests were not without contradictions and challenges. While Alexander II implemented significant reforms, there were also limitations and setbacks in achieving all of the desired objectives. The complex nature of Russia's national interests during this period reflects the broader context of the time, characterized by rapid social, economic, and political changes both within Russia and internationally.