Question

Фулл баллы даю География. Ответить письменно на вопросы. Что такое почва? Какое основное свойство почвы? Для чего в почву вносят песок? Можно ли создавать искусственную почву? Чем почва от горной породы? Назвать факторы почвообразования. Почему В. В. Докучаев назвал почвы "зеркалом ландшафта"? Как различают почвы по механическому составу? Почему почва должна быть рыхлой? Если в почве нет дождевых червей, о чем это говорит? Что такое гумус? Перечислить почвенные горизонты. Как можно по горизонта почвенного профиля определить возраст почвы?

Answer 1

Ответ:
1) почва это верхний плодородный слой земной коры возникший в результате длительного взаимодействия живого и минерального вещества
Объяснение:

Answer 2

What is soil?

Soil is the top layer of the Earth's surface that serves as a natural medium for plant growth. It is a complex mixture of minerals, organic matter, water, air, and living organisms. Soil forms through the process of weathering, which breaks down rocks and minerals into smaller particles over time. The composition and properties of soil vary depending on factors such as climate, parent material, topography, and time.

What is the main property of soil?

The main property of soil is its fertility, which refers to its ability to support plant growth. Fertility is influenced by various factors, including the presence of essential nutrients, pH level, organic matter content, and soil structure. Fertile soil provides plants with the necessary nutrients, water, and air for their growth and development.

Why is sand added to soil?

Sand is often added to soil to improve its drainage and aeration. Sandy soils have larger particles and, therefore, drain water more quickly than other soil types. By adding sand to soil, it helps to increase its porosity and prevent waterlogging. This is particularly beneficial for plants that prefer well-drained soil conditions.

Can artificial soil be created?

Yes, it is possible to create artificial soil, also known as synthetic soil or engineered soil. Artificial soil is typically made by combining various components such as sand, silt, clay, organic matter, and nutrients in specific proportions to mimic natural soil conditions. It is commonly used in landscaping, gardening, and horticulture to provide a suitable growing medium for plants in areas where natural soil is unavailable or unsuitable.

How does soil differ from rock?

Soil differs from rock in several ways. While both soil and rock are composed of minerals, soil also contains organic matter, water, air, and living organisms. Soil is the result of weathering and the breakdown of rocks and minerals over time, whereas rock is a solid, consolidated material formed by geological processes. Soil is typically found on the Earth's surface, while rock can be found both on the surface and beneath the soil.

What are the factors of soil formation?

Several factors contribute to soil formation, including climate, parent material, topography, organisms, and time. These factors interact and influence the processes of weathering, erosion, deposition, and organic matter accumulation, which ultimately lead to the development of distinct soil profiles. Climate affects the rate of weathering and the leaching of minerals, while parent material provides the initial composition of the soil. Topography influences water drainage and erosion patterns, and organisms contribute to the decomposition of organic matter and nutrient cycling.

Why did V.V. Dokuchaev call soils the "mirror of the landscape"?

V.V. Dokuchaev, a prominent Russian soil scientist, referred to soils as the "mirror of the landscape" because he recognized that soil characteristics reflect the influence of climate, parent material, topography, and other factors specific to a particular landscape. By studying the properties and distribution of soils, one can gain insights into the natural processes and environmental conditions that have shaped the landscape over time.

How are soils classified based on their mechanical composition?

Soils can be classified based on their mechanical composition into three main categories: sand, silt, and clay. These categories are determined by the size of the soil particles. Sandy soils have the largest particles, followed by silt and then clay. The relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay in a soil determine its texture. Soils with a balanced mixture of sand, silt, and clay particles are called loam soils, which are generally considered ideal for plant growth due to their good drainage and water-holding capacity.

Why should soil be loose?

Soil should be loose or friable because it promotes root penetration, water infiltration, and air circulation. Loose soil allows plant roots to grow and spread easily, accessing nutrients and water more effectively. It also allows water to penetrate the soil and reach the roots, preventing waterlogging and promoting healthy plant growth. Additionally, loose soil provides space for air circulation, which is essential for root respiration and the survival of soil organisms.

What does the absence of earthworms in soil indicate?

The absence of earthworms in soil can indicate poor soil health or unfavorable soil conditions. Earthworms are considered beneficial organisms in soil ecosystems as they help improve soil structure, nutrient cycling, and organic matter decomposition. Their absence may suggest that the soil lacks sufficient organic matter, is compacted, or has been exposed to harmful substances such as pesticides or pollutants. The presence of earthworms is generally a positive sign of soil fertility and ecosystem health.

What is humus?

Humus is a dark, organic substance that forms as a result of the decomposition of plant and animal matter in the soil. It is rich in nutrients and acts as a reservoir of organic carbon. Humus improves soil fertility by enhancing its water-holding capacity, nutrient availability, and cation exchange capacity. It also contributes to soil structure and stability, promoting aeration and root development.

What are the soil horizons?

Soil horizons are distinct layers or zones that form within a soil profile. Each horizon has unique characteristics, including differences in color, texture, structure, and composition. The main soil horizons, from top to bottom, are:

1. O Horizon: The organic horizon composed of decomposed organic matter, such as leaf litter and humus. 2. A Horizon: The topsoil horizon rich in organic matter, minerals, and soil organisms. It is often darker in color due to the accumulation of humus. 3. E Horizon: The eluviation horizon where minerals and organic matter are leached or washed out, leaving a lighter-colored layer. 4. B Horizon: The subsoil horizon that accumulates minerals, clay, and other materials leached from above. It often has a denser structure and a higher clay content. 5. C Horizon: The parent material horizon composed of weathered rock fragments and partially broken-down minerals. 6. R Horizon: The bedrock or unweathered rock layer that underlies the soil horizons.

How can the age of soil be determined based on the soil profile?

The age of soil cannot be directly determined based on the soil profile alone. However, the development of distinct soil horizons can provide some indications of soil age. Older soils tend to have more well-developed horizons, with clear differentiation between the O, A, E, B, and C horizons. The presence of deeper and more pronounced horizons suggests a longer period of soil formation. Additionally, the presence of certain minerals or fossils within the soil profile can be used to estimate the relative age of the soil compared to other geological formations.