Question

1) History and culture of absolute monarchy 17-18 centuries

Answer 1

Ответ:

Объяснение:

Absolute monarchies chances throughout these periods because social structure changed as well. As people's faith in religion grew, the Church felt they too had a sense of political power.

Answer 2

The history and culture of absolute monarchy during the 17th and 18th centuries were characterized by a form of government in which a single monarch held absolute and centralized power, without significant constraints from a constitution, a parliament, or other governing bodies. This period saw the rise and decline of absolute monarchies in various European countries, each with its unique historical and cultural characteristics.

1. France under Louis XIV (1638-1715):

   • Louis XIV, also known as the "Sun King," is one of the most famous absolute monarchs in history. He centralized power in France and famously declared, "L'État, c'est moi" (I am the state). He constructed the opulent Palace of Versailles, which became a symbol of his absolute authority.
   • French culture during this period flourished, with achievements in art, literature, and philosophy, often referred to as the Age of Enlightenment.

2. Spain under Philip II (1527-1598) and later monarchs:

   • Philip II of Spain was a prominent early example of an absolute monarch. Under his rule, the Spanish Empire reached its zenith. Spain remained an absolute monarchy well into the 18th century, although its power and influence declined over time.

3. Russia under the Romanovs:

   • The Romanov dynasty ruled Russia with absolute authority, starting with Tsar Ivan IV (the Terrible) in the late 16th century and continuing into the 18th century. Peter the Great (1682-1725) is particularly noteworthy for his efforts to modernize Russia, including the founding of the city of St. Petersburg.

4. Prussia under Frederick II (the Great, 1712-1786):

   • Frederick II, the King of Prussia, is known for his enlightened absolutism. He implemented legal reforms and supported cultural and intellectual endeavors during his rule.

5. Austria under Maria Theresa (1717-1780) and Joseph II (1741-1790):

   • Maria Theresa and her son Joseph II were key figures in the Habsburg Monarchy. They introduced various reforms, though their governance still emphasized the authority of the monarchy.

6. England and the Glorious Revolution (late 17th century):

   • England's history diverged from the absolute monarchy model with the Glorious Revolution of 1688, which led to the constitutional monarchy, where the monarch's powers were limited by a constitution and a parliamentary system.

7. Enlightenment and the Age of Reason:

   • The Enlightenment, an intellectual and philosophical movement in the 17th and 18th centuries, challenged the notion of absolute monarchy. Thinkers like John Locke, Montesquieu, and Voltaire advocated for individual rights, separation of powers, and constitutional limits on the monarchy.

8. End of Absolute Monarchies:

   • The era of absolute monarchy gradually declined due to external pressures, revolutions, and changing ideologies. The French Revolution (1789) marked a turning point, leading to the overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy and the rise of republicanism in France.

In summary, the history and culture of absolute monarchy in the 17th and 18th centuries varied across different countries, with some rulers emphasizing cultural and intellectual flourishing, while others faced challenges to their absolute authority as Enlightenment ideas spread and societies evolved. The era ultimately paved the way for the development of constitutional and parliamentary forms of government in many parts of the world.