Question

Ответьте на вопросы по тексту. 8. What are data? 9. What is memory? 10. What three basic capabilities have computers? 11. What are the ways of inputting informa¬tion into the computer? 12. What is the function of an input device? 13. What devices are used for outputting information? 14. What decisions can the computer make? 15. What are the computer's achievements limited by? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits that operate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores. The switches, like the cores, are capable of being in one or two possible states, that is, on or off; magnetized or demagnetized. The machine is capable of storing and manipulating numbers, letters, and characters (symbols). The basic idea of a computer is that we can make the machine do what we want by inputting signals that turn certain switches on and turn others off, or magnetize or do not magnetize the cores. The basic job of computers is processing of information. For this reason computers can be defined as devices which accept information in the form of instructions, called a program, and characters, called data, perform mathematical and / or logical operations on the information, and then supply results of these operations. The program, or part of it, which tells the computers what to do and the data, which provide the information needed to solve the problem, are kept inside the computer in a place called memory. It is considered that computers have many remarkable powers. However most computers, whether large or small, have three basic capabilities. First, computers have circuits for performing arithmetic operations, such as: addition, subtraction, division, multiplication and exponentiation. Second, computers have a means of communicating with the user. After all, if we couldn't feed information in and get results back, these machines wouldn't be of much use. Some of the most common methods of inputting information are to use ter¬minals, diskettes, disks and magnetic tapes. The computer's input device (a disk drive or tape drive) reads the information into the computer. For outputting information two common devices used are: a printer, printing the new information on paper, and a cathode-ray-tube display, which shows the results on a TV-like screen. Third, computers have circuits which can make decisions. The kinds of decisions which computer circuits can make are not of the type: "Who would win the war between two countries?" or "Who is the richest person in the world?" Unfortunately, the computer can only decide three things, namely: Is one number less than another? Are two numbers equal? and, Is one number greater than another? A computer can solve a series of problems and make thousands of logical decisions without becoming tired. It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction of the time it takes a human being to do the job. A computer can replace people in dull, routine tasks, but it works according to the instructions given to it. There are times when a computer seems to operate like a mechanical 'brain', but its achievements are limited by the minds of human beings. A computer cannot do anything unless a person tells it what to do and gives it the necessary information; but because electric pulses can move at the speed of light, a computer can carry out great numbers of arithmetic-logical operations almost instantaneously. A person can do the same, but in many cases that person would be dead long before the job was finished.

Answer 1

Я только перевод написала
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Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.

8. Какие данные?
9. Что такое память?
10. Какие три основные возможности имеют компьютеры?
11. Каковы способы ввода информации в компьютер?
12. Какова функция устройства ввода?
13. Какие устройства используются для вывода информации?
14. Какие решения может принять компьютер?
15. Каковы успехи компьютера, ограниченные?

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Компьютер представляет собой машину со сложной сетью электронных схем, в которой работают переключатели или намагничиваются крошечные металлические сердечники. Коммутаторы, как и сердечники, могут находиться в одном или двух возможных состояниях, то есть вкл. Или выкл. намагниченной или размагниченной. Машина способна хранить и манипулировать цифрами, буквами и символами (символами). Основная идея компьютера заключается в том, что мы можем заставить машину делать то, что мы хотим, вводя сигналы, которые включают определенные переключатели, а также выключают других или намагничивают или не намагничивают сердечники. Основная задача компьютеров - обработка информации. По этой причине компьютеры могут быть определены как устройства, которые принимают информацию в виде инструкций, называемых программой, и символы, называемые данными, выполняют математические и / или логические операции с информацией, а затем предоставляют результаты этих операций. Программа или ее часть, которая сообщает компьютерам, что делать, и данные, которые предоставляют информацию, необходимую для решения проблемы, хранятся внутри компьютера в месте, называемом памятью. Считается, что компьютеры обладают многими замечательными полномочиями. Однако большинство компьютеров, будь то большие или малые, имеют три основных возможности. Во-первых, компьютеры имеют схемы для выполнения арифметических операций, такие как: сложение, вычитание, деление, умножение и возведение в степень. Во-вторых, компьютеры имеют возможность общаться с пользователем. В конце концов, если мы не сможем подавать информацию и получать результаты назад, эти машины не будут иметь большого смысла. Некоторые из наиболее распространенных способов ввода информации - использовать термины, дискеты, диски и магнитные ленты. Устройство ввода компьютера (дисковод или стример) считывает информацию в компьютер. Для вывода информации используются два общих устройства: принтер, печать новой информации на бумаге и дисплей с электронно-лучевой трубкой, который показывает результаты на экране, подобном телевизору. В-третьих, компьютеры имеют схемы, которые могут принимать решения. Виды решений, которые могут создавать компьютерные схемы, не относятся к типу: «Кто выиграет войну между двумя странами?» или «Кто самый богатый человек в мире?» К сожалению, компьютер может решить только три вещи: это число меньше другого? Являются ли два числа равными? и, Является ли число больше другого? Компьютер может решить ряд проблем и сделать тысячи логических решений, не уставая. Он может найти решение проблемы за долю времени, которое требуется человеку для выполнения этой работы. Компьютер может заменять людей скучными, рутинными задачами, но он работает в соответствии с инструкциями к нему. Бывают случаи, когда компьютер работает как механический «мозг», но его достижения ограничены умами людей. Компьютер не может ничего сделать, если человек не говорит ему, что делать, и дает ему необходимую информацию; но поскольку электрические импульсы могут двигаться со скоростью света, компьютер может выполнять большое количество арифметико-логических операций почти мгновенно. Человек может сделать то же самое, но во многих случаях этот человек был бы мертв задолго до того, как работа была закончена.

Answer 2

What are data?

Data refers to the raw facts, figures, or information that is collected, stored, and processed by a computer. It can include numbers, text, images, audio, video, and other types of digital content. Data is the input that is used by a computer to perform calculations, make decisions, and generate output. [[8]]

What is memory?

Memory, in the context of computers, refers to the electronic storage space where data and instructions are stored temporarily or permanently. It allows the computer to store and retrieve information quickly. There are two main types of memory in a computer: primary memory (also known as RAM or Random Access Memory) and secondary memory (such as hard drives or solid-state drives). Primary memory is used for storing data and instructions that are currently being processed by the computer, while secondary memory is used for long-term storage of data and programs. [[9]]

What three basic capabilities do computers have?

Computers have three basic capabilities:

1. Arithmetic operations: Computers are capable of performing various arithmetic operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and exponentiation. These operations are carried out by the computer's circuits and processors, which can manipulate numerical data efficiently. [[10]]

2. Input and output: Computers have the ability to communicate with users and other devices through input and output mechanisms. Input devices, such as keyboards, mice, and scanners, allow users to provide data and instructions to the computer. Output devices, such as monitors, printers, and speakers, enable the computer to present processed information to the user in a usable format. [[10]]

3. Decision-making: Computers have circuits and processors that can make decisions based on logical comparisons. While computers cannot make complex subjective decisions like humans, they can perform logical operations to determine if one number is less than another, if two numbers are equal, or if one number is greater than another. These decision-making capabilities are fundamental to the computer's ability to solve problems and execute programs. [[10]]

What are the ways of inputting information into the computer?

There are several ways to input information into a computer. Some common methods include:

1. Terminals: Users can input information into a computer through terminals, which are devices that provide a user interface for interacting with the computer. Terminals can be text-based or graphical, and they allow users to enter commands, type text, and navigate through software applications.

2. Diskettes and disks: Diskettes (also known as floppy disks) and disks (such as CD-ROMs or DVDs) can be used to input information into a computer. These storage media contain data that can be read by the computer's disk drive, allowing the information to be accessed and processed.

3. Magnetic tapes: Magnetic tapes are another method of inputting information into a computer. They are long, narrow strips of plastic coated with a magnetic material. The computer's tape drive can read the magnetic signals on the tape, enabling the retrieval of stored data.

These are just a few examples of the ways information can be inputted into a computer. The choice of input method depends on the specific requirements of the task and the available hardware. [[11]]

What is the function of an input device?

The function of an input device is to allow users to provide data and instructions to a computer. Input devices serve as the interface between the user and the computer, enabling the transfer of information from the user to the computer's memory for processing. Examples of input devices include keyboards, mice, touchscreens, scanners, and microphones. Each input device has its own specific function and method of capturing and transmitting data to the computer. [[12]]

What devices are used for outputting information?

There are several devices used for outputting information from a computer. Some common examples include:

1. Printers: Printers are devices that produce a physical copy of the information processed by the computer. They can print text, images, and other types of content on paper or other media.

2. Cathode-ray tube (CRT) displays: CRT displays, also known as monitors, use a cathode-ray tube to display visual information on a screen. They are commonly used as computer monitors and can present text, images, videos, and graphical user interfaces.

These are just a few examples of output devices used in computers. The choice of output device depends on the type of information being presented and the desired format of the output. [[13]]

What decisions can the computer make?

Computers can make decisions based on logical comparisons. The types of decisions that computer circuits can make are limited to three basic comparisons:

1. Less than: Computers can determine if one number is less than another. This comparison is used to evaluate numerical relationships and conditions in programs.

2. Equal to: Computers can determine if two numbers are equal. This comparison is used to check for equality and perform conditional operations.

3. Greater than: Computers can determine if one number is greater than another. This comparison is used to evaluate numerical relationships and conditions in programs.

While these decision-making capabilities are limited compared to human decision-making, computers can perform thousands of logical decisions quickly and accurately. These capabilities are essential for solving problems and executing programs efficiently. [[14]]

What are the computer's achievements limited by?

The achievements of computers are limited by several factors, including:

1. Processing power: The speed and capability of a computer's processor determine its processing power. While computers have become significantly faster and more powerful over time, there are still limits to the amount of data and calculations they can handle within a given timeframe.

2. Memory capacity: The amount of memory available in a computer affects its ability to store and manipulate data. Insufficient memory can limit the size and complexity of problems that a computer can handle.

3. Software limitations: The capabilities of a computer are also limited by the software it runs. Software determines what tasks the computer can perform and how efficiently it can execute them. Improvements in software can enhance a computer's capabilities.

4. Physical constraints: Computers are physical machines with limitations imposed by their components, such as the size and capacity of storage devices, the speed of data transfer, and the lifespan of electronic components.

These limitations are constantly being pushed and expanded as technology advances, but they still define the boundaries of what computers can achieve. [[15]]