Question

276 Exercise 9. Answer the following questions. 1. Why is the study of cells so important in the study of the body? 2. Can you list organelles found in the cell? What are their functions? 3. What is the difference between DNA and RNA with respect to location in the cell? ENGLISH FOR MEDICAL STUDENTS 4. How does the process of cell division take place? What is its name? 5. What is mutation? 6. What are six risk factors associated with cancer? 7. What do we call the science that studies all about cells?​

Answer 1

Ответ:

1. The study of cells is important in the study of the body because cells are the basic unit of life and are responsible for carrying out all of the functions necessary for the body to function properly. Understanding the structure and function of cells can help us understand how the body works and what happens when things go wrong.

2. Some organelles found in the cell include the nucleus (contains DNA and controls the cell's activities), mitochondria (produce energy for the cell), ribosomes (synthesize proteins), endoplasmic reticulum (transports materials within the cell), Golgi apparatus (modifies and packages proteins), and lysosomes (break down and recycle cellular waste).

3. DNA is located in the nucleus of the cell, while RNA can be found in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. DNA contains the genetic information that controls the cell's activities, while RNA is involved in protein synthesis.

4. Cell division is the process by which a single cell divides into two or more daughter cells. This process is called mitosis, and it involves several stages, including prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

5. Mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that can result in altered gene function or protein synthesis. Mutations can occur spontaneously or as a result of exposure to mutagens (agents that cause mutations).

6. Six risk factors associated with cancer include smoking, exposure to radiation or certain chemicals, obesity, a diet high in red and processed meats, lack of physical activity, and a family history of cancer.

7. The science that studies all about cells is called cell biology or cytology.

Объяснение:

Answer 2

1. The study of cells is crucial in understanding the human body because cells are the fundamental units of life. They are the building blocks of tissues and organs, and they perform all the essential functions required for an organism to survive and function properly. By studying cells, we can gain insights into how various body systems work, how diseases develop, and how to develop treatments and therapies to maintain or restore health.

2. Organelles found in a typical eukaryotic cell include:

   • Nucleus: Contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cell activities.
   • Mitochondria: Produces energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.
   • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
   • Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.
   • Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins.
   • Lysosomes: Contain enzymes for intracellular digestion.
   • Vacuoles (in plant cells): Store water and nutrients.
   • Chloroplasts (in plant cells): Site of photosynthesis.
   • Cell Membrane: Controls the entry and exit of substances into and out of the cell.
   • Cytoplasm: Contains various organelles and cellular structures.

3. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is typically located in the cell nucleus. It carries the genetic information and instructions for the synthesis of proteins and other cellular processes. RNA (ribonucleic acid) can be found in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. RNA molecules are involved in various cellular processes, including protein synthesis, and can move between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

4. Cell division is the process by which a single cell divides into two or more daughter cells. There are two main types of cell division:

   • Mitosis: This process results in two genetically identical daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. It is essential for growth, tissue repair, and maintenance.
   • Meiosis: Meiosis is a specialized form of cell division that occurs in the production of gametes (sperm and egg cells) and results in cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

5. Mutation refers to a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be induced by external factors like radiation or chemicals. Some mutations can lead to genetic diseases or cancers, while others may be harmless or even beneficial in some cases.

6. Six risk factors associated with cancer include:

   • Smoking and tobacco use
   • Unhealthy diet and obesity
   • Excessive alcohol consumption
   • Exposure to carcinogens (cancer-causing substances)
   • Family history of cancer
   • UV radiation (from the sun or tanning beds)

7. The science that studies all aspects of cells is called "cell biology" or "cytology." Cell biology encompasses the study of cell structure, function, reproduction, and interaction with their environment.