Question

II. Прочитайте и переведите следующий текст: The Development of Economics Economics, like every other intellectual discipline, has its roots in early Greece and Rome; but economics was first considered as a branch of domestic science (home economics) dealing with such matters as the management of slaves and the allocation of manure among alternative agricultural uses. In the revival of learning that followed the Middle Ages economics emerged as a branch of moral philosophy concerned with such issues as the ethics of loan interest and the "justness of market-determined wages and prices". By the beginning of the eighteenth century, the subject had lost most of its theological overtones and had taken shape as an academic discipline, largely as a branch of political theory dealing with problems of government intervention in economic affairs. Then in 1776 the Scottish moral philosopher Adam Smith published the first edition of his monumental Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations and economics soon became an independent science. III. Ответьте на следующие вопросы: - What was economics first considered to be? - A branch of what discipline did economics become in the Middle ages? - What change had happened by the beginning of the 18th century? - When did economics become "an independent science"? IV. Найдите в прочитанном тексте английские эквиваленты следующим фразам: домашняя наука; управление работами; ветвь духовной философии; этика заёмных процентов; теологический подтекст; вмешательство правительства; благосостояние наций. V. Выпишите подчеркнутые грамматические конструкции и определите их видовременную форму. VI. Поставьте 10 вопросов к тексту (общие,

Answer 1

Ответ:

Развитие экономики

Экономика, как и любая другая интеллектуальная дисциплина, уходит своими корнями в раннюю Грецию и Рим; но Сначала экономика рассматривалась как отрасль отечественной науки (домашняя экономика), занимающаяся такими вопросами, как управление рабами и распределение навоза между альтернативными сельскохозяйственными видами использования. В период возрождения науки, последовавшего за Средневековьем, экономика превратилась в отрасль моральной философии, занимавшуюся такими вопросами, как этика ссудного процента и "справедливость определяемых рынком заработной платы и цен".

К началу XVIII века этот предмет утратил большую часть своего богословского подтекста и превратился в академическую дисциплину, в основном в раздел политической теории, занимающийся проблемами государственного вмешательства в экономические дела.

Затем в 1776 году шотландский философ-моралист Адам Смит опубликовал первое издание своего монументального исследования природы и причин богатства народов, и экономика вскоре стала независимой наукой.

1.in 1776 is considered to be the first formalisation of economic thought.

Answer 2

II. Read and translate the following text:

The Development of Economics

Economics, like every other intellectual discipline, has its roots in early Greece and Rome; but economics was first considered as a branch of domestic science (home economics) dealing with such matters as the management of slaves and the allocation of manure among alternative agricultural uses.

In the revival of learning that followed the Middle Ages, economics emerged as a branch of moral philosophy concerned with such issues as the ethics of loan interest and the "justness of market-determined wages and prices". By the beginning of the eighteenth century, the subject had lost most of its theological overtones and had taken shape as an academic discipline, largely as a branch of political theory dealing with problems of government intervention in economic affairs.

Then, in 1776, the Scottish moral philosopher Adam Smith published the first edition of his monumental Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, and economics soon became an independent science.

III. Answer the following questions:

• What was economics first considered to be? Economics was first considered to be a branch of domestic science (home economics) dealing with matters such as the management of slaves and the allocation of manure among alternative agricultural uses.

• A branch of what discipline did economics become in the Middle Ages? In the Middle Ages, economics became a branch of moral philosophy.

• What change had happened by the beginning of the 18th century? By the beginning of the 18th century, economics had lost most of its theological overtones and had taken shape as an academic discipline, largely as a branch of political theory dealing with problems of government intervention in economic affairs.

• When did economics become "an independent science"? Economics became an independent science after the publication of Adam Smith's monumental work, "The Wealth of Nations," in 1776.

IV. Find the English equivalents for the following phrases from the text:

• домашняя наука: domestic science (home economics)
• управление работами: management of slaves
• ветвь духовной философии: branch of moral philosophy
• этика заёмных процентов: ethics of loan interest
• теологический подтекст: theological overtones
• вмешательство правительства: government intervention
• благосостояние наций: the wealth of nations

V. Identify the underlined grammatical constructions and determine their tense forms:

• "has its roots" - present simple tense, active voice
• "was first considered" - past simple tense, passive voice
• "had taken shape" - past perfect tense, active voice
• "had lost" - past perfect tense, active voice
• "became an independent science" - past simple tense, active voice

VI. Generate 10 questions about the text (general,