Question

В финале турнира российской армии по шахматам встретились представители шести воинских званий:майор,капитан,лейтенант,старщина,сержант и ефрейтор,причём разных специальностей:лётчик,танкист,артиллерист,миномётчик,сапёр и связист.определите специальностьи звание каждого из шахматистов по следующим данным:1)в первом туре лейтенант выйграл у лётчика,майор-у танкиста,а сержант-у миномётчика:2)во втором туре капитан выйграл у танкиста)3)в третьем и четвёртом турах миномётчкик из-за болезни не учавствовал в турнире поэтому свободными от игры оказались капитан и ефрейтор:4)в четвёртом туре майор выйграл у связиста:5)победителями турнира оказались лейтенант и майор,а хуже всех выступил сапёр.

Answer 1

Эту задачу можно решить с помощью алгебра логики, а можно проще - с помощью таблицы.
Просто берешь и поэтапно крестиком отмечаешь пересечение, которое невозможно. Ну вот, к примеру, если в первом туре лейтенант выиграл у летчика, майор у танкиста, а сержант у минометчика, то ты ставишь себе метку в таблице на пересечении, что лейтенант не может быть летчиком, танкистом или минометчиком. Также и с остальными.
Капитан - не танкист и не минометчик. Ефрейтор - не минометчик. Майор, вдобавок к тому, что он не летчик, не танкист и не минометчик еще и не связист (т.к. в 4 туре выиграл у последнего). Поскольку хуже всех выступил сапер, то майор и лейтенант не могут быть им, ведь они победители. Следовательно майор - артиллерист. Теперь стало ясно, что остальные не могут быть артиллеристами. Идем дальше. Поскольку еще с самого начала мы знаем, что лейтенант не может быть минометчиком, летчиком и танкистом, а теперь еще и артиллеристом (т.к. майор - артиллерист) и сапером, то остается только связист. Значит, лейтенант - связист. Из этого следует, что сержант - сапер. Теперь расставим остальные пересечения и получим:

Майор - артиллерист
Лейтенант - связист
Сержант - сапер
Старшина - минометчик
Капитан - летчик
Ефрейтор - танкист 

Answer 2

Problem Analysis

We have a chess tournament involving representatives from six military ranks: major, captain, lieutenant, senior soldier, sergeant, and private. Each participant has a different military specialty: pilot, tank crew member, artilleryman, mortarman, sapper, and signalman. We need to determine the rank and specialty of each chess player based on the following information:

1. In the first round, the lieutenant won against the pilot, the major won against the tank crew member, and the sergeant won against the mortarman. 2. In the second round, the captain won against the tank crew member. 3. In the third and fourth rounds, the mortarman did not participate due to illness, so the captain and private were free from playing. 4. In the fourth round, the major won against the signalman. 5. The winners of the tournament were the lieutenant and the major, and the worst performer was the sapper.

Let's analyze the given information and determine the rank and specialty of each chess player.

Solution

Based on the given information, we can deduce the following:

1. In the first round, the lieutenant won against the pilot, the major won against the tank crew member, and the sergeant won against the mortarman. 2. In the second round, the captain won against the tank crew member. 3. In the third and fourth rounds, the mortarman did not participate due to illness, so the captain and private were free from playing. 4. In the fourth round, the major won against the signalman. 5. The winners of the tournament were the lieutenant and the major, and the worst performer was the sapper.

Let's assign numbers to each rank and specialty for easier reference:

- Ranks: 1 - major, 2 - captain, 3 - lieutenant, 4 - senior soldier, 5 - sergeant, 6 - private - Specialties: 1 - pilot, 2 - tank crew member, 3 - artilleryman, 4 - mortarman, 5 - sapper, 6 - signalman

Now, let's analyze each piece of information and deduce the rank and specialty of each chess player:

1. In the first round, the lieutenant won against the pilot, the major won against the tank crew member, and the sergeant won against the mortarman. - From this information, we can deduce that the lieutenant is not the pilot, the major is not the tank crew member, and the sergeant is not the mortarman. - Therefore, the lieutenant is the senior soldier, the major is the artilleryman, and the sergeant is the sapper.

2. In the second round, the captain won against the tank crew member. - From this information, we can deduce that the captain is not the tank crew member. - Therefore, the captain is the signalman.

3. In the third and fourth rounds, the mortarman did not participate due to illness, so the captain and private were free from playing. - From this information, we can deduce that the captain is not the mortarman and the private is not the mortarman. - Therefore, the captain is the signalman and the private is the pilot.

4. In the fourth round, the major won against the signalman. - From this information, we can deduce that the major is not the signalman. - Therefore, the major is the artilleryman.

5. The winners of the tournament were the lieutenant and the major, and the worst performer was the sapper. - From this information, we can deduce that the lieutenant is not the worst performer and the major is not the worst performer. - Therefore, the lieutenant is the senior soldier and the major is the artilleryman.

Based on the above deductions, we can determine the rank and specialty of each chess player:

- Major - Artilleryman - Captain - Signalman - Lieutenant - Senior Soldier - Senior Soldier - Mortarman - Sergeant - Sapper - Private - Pilot

Please note that the above deductions are based on the given information and may not be the only possible solution.