Question

Дайте схему репликации, транскрипции и трансляции для ДНК, если ее матричная нить содержит следующую последовательность нуклеотидов: ААТ ТАА ЦАГ АГТ ГГЦ ГТА АЦЦ.

Answer 1

ДНК1: ААТ ТАА ЦАГ АГТ ГГЦ ГТА АЦЦ
ДНК2: ТТА АТТ ГТЦ ТЦА ЦЦГ ЦАТ ТГГ (репликация по принципу комплементарности)
иРНК: ААУ УАА ЦАГ АГУ ГГЦ ГУА АЦЦ (транскрипция)
тРНК: УУА, АУУ, ГУЦ, УЦА, ЦЦГ, ЦАУ, УГГ (трансляция)
аминокислоты: асн, -, глн, сер, гли, вал, тре 

Answer 2

Replication, Transcription, and Translation of DNA

The process of DNA replication, transcription, and translation is essential for the synthesis of proteins in living organisms. Let's discuss each process and provide a schematic representation for the given DNA sequence: AAT TAA CAG AGT GGC GTA ACC.

DNA Replication

DNA replication is the process by which a DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules. It occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle. The steps involved in DNA replication are as follows:

1. Initiation: The DNA double helix unwinds and separates into two strands. An enzyme called helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs, resulting in the formation of a replication fork. 2. Primer Binding: Primase synthesizes a short RNA primer that provides a starting point for DNA synthesis. 3. Elongation: DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to each separated strand. The leading strand is synthesized continuously, while the lagging strand is synthesized in short fragments called Okazaki fragments. 4. Termination: DNA replication is completed when the entire DNA molecule is replicated. The RNA primers are removed, and the gaps are filled with DNA nucleotides by DNA polymerase. Finally, DNA ligase seals the nicks in the DNA backbone.

Here is a schematic representation of DNA replication for the given DNA sequence:

Original DNA Strand: 5' AAT TAA CAG AGT GGC GTA ACC 3'
Replicated DNA Strand: 3' TTA ATT GTC TCA CCG CAT TGG 5'

Transcription

Transcription is the process by which an RNA molecule is synthesized from a DNA template. It occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells. The steps involved in transcription are as follows:

1. Initiation: RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region on the DNA molecule, marking the beginning of transcription. 2. Elongation: RNA polymerase synthesizes a complementary RNA strand using the DNA template. The RNA molecule is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction. 3. Termination: Transcription ends when RNA polymerase reaches a termination signal on the DNA molecule. The RNA molecule is released, and RNA polymerase detaches from the DNA template.

Here is a schematic representation of transcription for the given DNA sequence:

DNA Strand: 5' AAT TAA CAG AGT GGC GTA ACC 3'
RNA Strand: 3' UUA AUU GUC UCA CCG CAU UGG 5'

Translation

Translation is the process by which the information encoded in the mRNA molecule is used to synthesize a protein. It occurs in the cytoplasm and involves the participation of ribosomes and transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. The steps involved in translation are as follows:

1. Initiation: The small ribosomal subunit binds to the mRNA molecule, and the start codon (AUG) is recognized. The initiator tRNA carrying methionine binds to the start codon. 2. Elongation: The ribosome moves along the mRNA molecule, and tRNA molecules carrying specific amino acids bind to their corresponding codons on the mRNA. Peptide bonds form between adjacent amino acids, forming a growing polypeptide chain. 3. Termination: Translation continues until a stop codon is reached on the mRNA molecule. The ribosome releases the completed polypeptide chain, and the mRNA and ribosomal subunits dissociate.

Here is a schematic representation of translation for the given DNA sequence:

DNA Strand: 5' AAT TAA CAG AGT GGC GTA ACC 3'
mRNA Strand: 3' UUA AUU GUC UCA CCG CAU UGG 5'
Amino Acid Sequence: Met-Phe-Val-Ser-Pro-His-Trp

Please note that the amino acid sequence is based on the genetic code, where each three-nucleotide codon corresponds to a specific amino acid.

I hope this explanation helps! Let me know if you have any further questions.