Question

1)Перечислите факторы негативно влияющие на систему органов дыхания человека2)Чем обьяняется что человек способен произвольно задерживать уменьшать или учащать дыхание менять его глубину?

Answer 1

1. Прежде всего это загрязнённая окружающая среда,что в данное время является настоящей глобальной проблемой. Не менее негативными факторами являются перенесённые респираторные заболевания,вредные привычки,прежде всего курение.

2. Регуляция дыхания помимо механизмов гуморальной регуляции осуществляется двумя нервными центрами: одним,располагающимся в продолговатом мозгу и ответственным за непроизвольные дыхательные движения и другим,находящимся в коре головного мозга и ответственным как раз за произвольные дыхательные движения,к которым относятся перечисленные в задании.

Answer 2

Factors Negatively Affecting the Human Respiratory System

The respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body. Several factors can have a negative impact on the respiratory system. Here are some of them:

1. Air Pollution: Exposure to air pollution, such as particulate matter, chemicals, and gases, can irritate the respiratory system and lead to respiratory problems.

2. Smoking: Smoking tobacco is a major risk factor for respiratory diseases. It damages the airways and lungs, leading to conditions like chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and lung cancer.

3. Respiratory Infections: Infections caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi can affect the respiratory system. Examples include the common cold, influenza, pneumonia, and tuberculosis.

4. Allergens: Allergens like pollen, dust mites, pet dander, and mold can trigger allergic reactions in the respiratory system, leading to conditions like asthma and allergic rhinitis.

5. Occupational Hazards: Exposure to certain substances in the workplace, such as asbestos, silica, and chemicals, can damage the respiratory system and cause occupational lung diseases.

6. Respiratory Disorders: Certain medical conditions can negatively affect the respiratory system. Examples include asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis, and lung cancer.

7. Poor Indoor Air Quality: Indoor air pollution from sources like cooking fumes, cleaning products, and inadequate ventilation can have a detrimental effect on the respiratory system.

8. Lifestyle Factors: Factors like poor nutrition, lack of exercise, and obesity can contribute to respiratory problems.

Voluntary Control of Breathing

The human respiratory system is under both involuntary and voluntary control. While involuntary control ensures the basic rhythm and rate of breathing, voluntary control allows humans to modify their breathing pattern consciously. Here's an explanation for the ability to voluntarily control breathing:

The respiratory centers in the brainstem, specifically the medulla oblongata and pons, regulate the basic rhythm and rate of breathing. These centers receive input from various sensors in the body, including chemoreceptors that detect the levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH in the blood.

The voluntary control of breathing is primarily mediated by the cerebral cortex, the outer layer of the brain responsible for conscious thought and control of voluntary movements. The cerebral cortex can send signals to the respiratory centers in the brainstem, modulating the activity of the respiratory muscles and altering the breathing pattern.

This voluntary control allows humans to consciously modify their breathing in response to various factors, such as physical activity, emotional states, and speech. For example, during exercise, the cerebral cortex can increase the rate and depth of breathing to meet the increased oxygen demand of the muscles. Similarly, during relaxation or meditation, individuals can consciously slow down their breathing to promote a sense of calm.

In summary, the ability to voluntarily control breathing is facilitated by the interaction between the respiratory centers in the brainstem and the cerebral cortex, allowing humans to adapt their breathing pattern to different situations and needs.