Question

Биологической расплатой за прямохождение у человека можно считать

Answer 1

Высокую нагрузку на сердце и искривление позвоночника (сердцу вверх кровь гнать тяжело, а на позвоночник идёт вес всей верхней части тела).

Answer 2

The Biological Cost of Bipedalism in Humans

Bipedalism, or the ability to walk on two legs, is a defining characteristic of humans. While it offers several advantages, such as increased mobility and the ability to use the hands for other tasks, there are also biological costs associated with this form of locomotion.

One of the main biological costs of bipedalism is the strain it places on the human skeletal system, particularly the lower back and lower limbs. Walking upright requires a complex interplay of muscles, tendons, and ligaments to support the body's weight and maintain balance. Over time, this can lead to wear and tear on the joints and an increased risk of musculoskeletal disorders such as osteoarthritis.

Another biological cost of bipedalism is the increased energy expenditure compared to quadrupedal locomotion. Walking on two legs requires more energy because it involves maintaining balance and stability, as well as the constant movement of the body's center of mass. This increased energy expenditure is thought to be one of the reasons why humans have relatively large brains compared to other primates, as the extra energy was available for brain development.

Additionally, bipedalism has also been associated with an increased risk of certain health conditions. For example, humans are more prone to developing varicose veins in the legs due to the increased pressure on the veins caused by standing and walking upright Bipedalism has also been linked to an increased risk of hernias, as the abdominal muscles have to work harder to support the internal organs in an upright position.

It is important to note that while there are biological costs associated with bipedalism, humans have evolved to mitigate these costs through various adaptations. For example, the human skeleton has undergone changes to better support bipedal locomotion, such as the development of an S-shaped spine and a broad pelvis. The muscles and ligaments have also adapted to provide stability and support during walking.

In conclusion, while bipedalism offers humans many advantages, such as increased mobility and the ability to use the hands for other tasks, there are also biological costs associated with this form of locomotion. These costs include strain on the skeletal system, increased energy expenditure, and an increased risk of certain health conditions. However, humans have evolved various adaptations to mitigate these costs and optimize bipedal locomotion.