Question

Сущность функции днк и особенности ее осуществления

Answer 1

Хранение и передача наследственной информации от поколения к поколению и роль матрицы в процессе передачи генетич. информации к месту синтеза белка

Answer 2

The Essence of DNA Function and Its Implementation

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of all known living organisms. It is often referred to as the "blueprint of life" because it contains the information necessary for the construction and maintenance of an organism.

The essence of DNA function lies in its ability to store and transmit genetic information. DNA is made up of two long strands that are twisted together to form a double helix structure. Each strand is composed of a series of nucleotides, which are the building blocks of DNA. A nucleotide consists of a sugar molecule (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), or guanine (G).

The specific sequence of these nitrogenous bases along the DNA molecule determines the genetic code. The genetic code is a set of rules that specifies how the sequence of nucleotides in DNA corresponds to the sequence of amino acids in proteins. Proteins are essential for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's cells, tissues, and organs.

The implementation of DNA function involves several key processes:

1. Replication: DNA replication is the process by which DNA makes an identical copy of itself. This process is essential for cell division and the transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next. During replication, the two strands of DNA separate, and each strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand. This results in two identical DNA molecules, each containing one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.

2. Transcription: Transcription is the process by which the genetic information encoded in DNA is copied into a complementary RNA molecule. RNA (ribonucleic acid) is a single-stranded molecule that is structurally similar to DNA. The enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a specific region of DNA called a promoter and synthesizes a complementary RNA molecule based on the DNA template. This RNA molecule, known as messenger RNA (mRNA), carries the genetic information from the DNA to the ribosomes, where it is used as a template for protein synthesis.

3. Translation: Translation is the process by which the genetic information carried by mRNA is used to synthesize proteins. It takes place in the ribosomes, which are cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis. During translation, the mRNA molecule is read in groups of three nucleotides called codons. Each codon corresponds to a specific amino acid, and the ribosomes assemble these amino acids in the correct order to form a protein.

4. Gene Expression: Gene expression refers to the process by which the information encoded in a gene is used to produce a functional gene product, such as a protein. Gene expression is regulated at multiple levels, including transcriptional regulation (control of mRNA synthesis), post-transcriptional regulation (control of mRNA processing and stability), translational regulation (control of protein synthesis), and post-translational regulation (control of protein modification and stability).

In summary, the essence of DNA function lies in its ability to store and transmit genetic information, while its implementation involves processes such as replication, transcription, translation, and gene expression. These processes are fundamental to the functioning and development of all living organisms.