Question

Назовите видоизменения корней и приведите примеры

Answer 1

Корнеплоды - видоизменения главного корня, богатые запасными питательными веществами (морковь, свекла, петрушка).
Корневые клубни - утолщённые придаточные корни (георгин).
Втягивающие корни - осуществляют погружение в почву (луковичные растения).
Воздушные корни - всасывают воду и минеральные вещества из влажного воздуха (у растений-эпифитов - орхидеи).
Дыхательные корни - поднимаются над поверхностью почвы (у болотных растений).
Ходульные корни - у мангровых растений на литорали моря. Укрепляют растения в грунте.

Answer 2

Types of Root Modifications and Examples

Root modifications refer to the structural changes that occur in the roots of plants to adapt to their environment and perform specific functions. There are several types of root modifications, each serving different purposes. Let's explore some of these types along with examples:

1. Taproot System: - The taproot system consists of a main root that grows vertically downward and gives rise to lateral roots. - *Example*: Carrot plants have taproots that store nutrients and provide stability to the plant.

2. Fibrous Root System: - In a fibrous root system, the primary root is short-lived, and numerous thin roots develop from the stem base. - *Example*: Grasses, such as wheat and rice, have fibrous root systems that help in anchoring the plant and absorbing water and nutrients from the soil.

3. Adventitious Roots: - These roots develop from plant parts other than the radicle of the embryo, such as stems or leaves. - *Example*: The prop roots of corn plants are adventitious roots that provide additional support to the plant by growing from the lower nodes of the stem and penetrating the soil.

4. Aerial Roots: - Aerial roots are roots that grow above the ground or water, often for support or obtaining moisture. - *Example*: The banyan tree has aerial roots that grow downwards from its branches and take root in the soil, providing additional support to the sprawling branches.

5. Contractile Roots: - Contractile roots are specialized roots that contract longitudinally to pull the plant deeper into the soil. - *Example*: Some species of bulbs, like daffodils, have contractile roots that help anchor the bulb in the soil and regulate its depth.

6. Nodulose Roots: - Nodulose roots are characterized by the presence of nodules, which are small, rounded, or irregularly shaped swellings on the roots. - *Example*: Leguminous plants, such as soybeans and clover, develop nodulose roots that form symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, allowing the plants to convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that can be utilized for growth.

7. Haustorial Roots: - Haustorial roots are modified roots that penetrate the tissues of other plants to obtain water and nutrients. - *Example*: Dodder, a parasitic plant, has haustorial roots that penetrate the host plant's tissues to extract nutrients.

8. Storage Roots: - Storage roots are roots that are modified to store water, nutrients, and food reserves. - *Example*: The sweet potato plant has storage roots that store starch and other nutrients, serving as a source of energy for the plant.

9. Pneumatophores: - Pneumatophores are specialized aerial roots that grow above the water level in wetland environments to facilitate gas exchange. - *Example*: Mangrove trees develop pneumatophores to obtain oxygen for the roots in waterlogged soils.

10. Buttress Roots: - Buttress roots are large, above-ground roots that provide stability to tall trees in shallow or rocky soils. - *Example*: The buttress roots of tropical rainforest trees, such as the kapok tree, help support the massive trunks and prevent them from toppling over.

These examples illustrate the diverse ways in which plants have evolved to adapt to various environmental conditions through the modification of their root systems.