Question

Обмен веществ и превращения энергии в клетки : энергетический обмен

Answer 1

Обмен в-в в энергии ( метаболизм)- это совокупность хим. р-ций, протекающих в живых организмах, обечпечивающие их жизнедеятльность, рост, воспроизведение, взаимодействие и обмен с окружающей средой.

Answer 2

Metabolism and Energy Conversion in Cells: Energy Exchange

Metabolism refers to the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life. These processes involve the conversion of energy from one form to another, and they can be categorized into two main types: catabolism and anabolism.

Catabolism involves the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy in the process. This energy is then used to power various cellular activities. Anabolism, on the other hand, involves the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy input.

The process of energy exchange in cells involves several key steps and components:

1. Glycolysis: This is the initial step in the breakdown of glucose, where a molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvate. This process occurs in the cytoplasm and generates a small amount of ATP and NADH.

2. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle): The pyruvate produced in glycolysis enters the mitochondria and undergoes further breakdown in the citric acid cycle. This results in the production of more ATP, NADH, and FADH2.

3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC): The NADH and FADH2 produced in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are used to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation in the electron transport chain. This is the most significant source of ATP production in cellular respiration.

4. Oxidative Phosphorylation: This process involves the coupling of the electron transport chain with ATP synthesis. The energy released during the transfer of electrons in the ETC is used to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating an electrochemical gradient that drives the synthesis of ATP.

5. Photosynthesis: In plants, the process of energy conversion involves photosynthesis, where light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of glucose. This process occurs in the chloroplasts and involves the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle.

6. ATP: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the primary molecule used for energy transfer in cells. It stores and releases energy as needed for cellular processes, and it is often referred to as the "energy currency" of the cell.

In summary, the energy exchange in cells involves a series of interconnected processes, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, the electron transport chain, and oxidative phosphorylation. These processes play a crucial role in providing the energy necessary for cellular functions and maintaining the overall metabolism of the organism.