Question

объясните как строение клеток крови связано с выполняемыми ими вункциями. Запишите и охарактерезуйте основные механизмы защиты организма от инфекцииобъясните почему люди с 4 группой крови являются универсальными реципиентами

Answer 1

Клетка любого организма, 
представляет собой целостную живую систему. Она состоит из трех неразрывно 
связанных между собой частей: оболочки, цитоплазмы и ядра.Все три составляющих выполняют функции из-за которых клетка и существует. 
функции по отдельности можно найти и потом суммировав сказать,как строение связанно с функциями.

 

 

Первым защитным фактором явяляется анатомический барьер - это кожа и слизистые оболочки. В борьбе с возбудителем большое значение имеет состояние самого организма. При полноценномпитани организм более устойчив к инфекциям. Хорошо известна и такая защита организма как фагоцитоз. Сама же воспалительная реакция тоже является защитой организма, т.к. локализует возбудителя в место его внедрения. также активно реагируют на воспаления сами лейкоциты.

 

Answer 2

Structure of Blood Cells and their Functions

The blood is composed of different types of cells, each with its own unique structure and function. The main types of blood cells are red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes). Here is a brief overview of their structures and functions:

1. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes): - Structure: Red blood cells are small, disc-shaped cells that lack a nucleus and most organelles. They are filled with a protein called hemoglobin, which gives them their red color. - Function: The primary function of red blood cells is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and remove carbon dioxide, a waste product, from the tissues back to the lungs for exhalation.

2. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes): - Structure: White blood cells are larger than red blood cells and have a nucleus. There are different types of white blood cells, including neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils, each with its own specific structure. - Function: White blood cells play a crucial role in the immune system's defense against infections and diseases. They can identify and destroy pathogens, produce antibodies, and regulate immune responses.

3. Platelets (Thrombocytes): - Structure: Platelets are small, irregularly shaped cell fragments that lack a nucleus. They are derived from larger cells called megakaryocytes. - Function: Platelets are essential for blood clotting (hemostasis). When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets adhere to the site and form a plug to prevent excessive bleeding. They also release substances that promote clotting and wound healing.

Mechanisms of the Body's Defense against Infection

The human body has several mechanisms in place to protect itself against infections. These mechanisms work together to identify and eliminate pathogens. Here are some of the main mechanisms of the body's defense:

1. Physical Barriers: - The skin acts as a physical barrier that prevents pathogens from entering the body. - Mucus membranes in the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts produce mucus, which traps pathogens and prevents their entry.

2. Innate Immune Response: - The innate immune response is the body's first line of defense and is non-specific, meaning it targets a wide range of pathogens. - It involves the activation of immune cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils, which engulf and destroy pathogens. - Inflammation is a key component of the innate immune response and helps to recruit immune cells to the site of infection.

3. Adaptive Immune Response: - The adaptive immune response is specific and targets specific pathogens. - It involves the activation of lymphocytes (B cells and T cells) that produce antibodies and coordinate immune responses. - Memory cells are formed during the adaptive immune response, providing long-term immunity against specific pathogens.

4. Complement System: - The complement system is a group of proteins that work together to enhance the immune response. - It can directly kill pathogens, promote inflammation, and assist in the clearance of immune complexes.

Universal Recipients with Blood Type AB

People with blood type AB are considered universal recipients because they can receive blood from donors with any blood type (A, B, AB, or O). This is due to the presence of both A and B antigens on the surface of their red blood cells, as well as the absence of antibodies against A or B antigens in their plasma.

When a person with blood type AB receives a blood transfusion, their immune system does not recognize the A or B antigens on the donor's red blood cells as foreign. Therefore, there is no immune response triggered by the transfusion, and the donated blood can be safely transfused to the recipient.

It's important to note that while people with blood type AB can receive blood from any blood type, they can only donate blood to individuals with the same blood type (AB). This is because donating blood with A or B antigens to individuals with different blood types can trigger an immune response in the recipient.