Question

Рассмотрим плодовое тело гриба. из чего он состоит.? чем образовано?

Answer 1

Шляпка, ножка, мицелий или грибница,(это если смотреть сверху вниз.)
тело большинства грибов состоит из многочисленных ветвящихся нитей( эти нити по-другому называются гифы), образующих мицелий( или грибницу).

Answer 2

The Structure of a Fungal Fruit Body

The fruit body of a fungus, also known as a mushroom, is the reproductive structure that allows fungi to produce and disperse their spores. It is composed of several parts, each with its own function. Let's explore the components of a fungal fruit body:

1. Cap or Pileus: The cap is the uppermost part of the fruit body and is often the most visible. It can vary in shape, size, color, and texture, depending on the species of fungus. The cap protects the gills or pores underneath, where the spores are produced and released.

2. Stem or Stipe: The stem provides support for the cap and connects it to the substrate or ground. It can be cylindrical, club-shaped, or have other unique forms. The stem may also contain vascular tissues that transport nutrients and water throughout the fruit body.

3. Gills or Pores: Underneath the cap, many fungi have gills or pores. Gills are thin, blade-like structures that radiate from the stem and bear the spore-producing cells called basidia. Pores, on the other hand, are small openings or tubes that release spores directly. The arrangement and structure of gills or pores can vary among different fungal species.

4. Veil: Some mushrooms have a veil, which is a thin membrane that covers the gills or pores when the fruit body is young. As the mushroom matures, the veil may break or dissolve, leaving remnants on the cap or forming a ring or collar around the stem.

5. Annulus: The annulus, also known as the ring, is a ring-like structure that encircles the stem. It can be movable or persistent, and its function is not fully understood. The annulus may help protect the developing gills or pores or aid in spore dispersal.

6. Volva: In some fungi, a volva is present at the base of the stem. It is a cup-like or sac-like structure that surrounds the young fruit body. The volva may play a role in protecting the developing mushroom or in nutrient absorption.

Formation of the Fungal Fruit Body

The formation of a fungal fruit body involves a complex process of growth and development. It typically occurs when the fungus has reached a certain stage in its life cycle and environmental conditions are favorable. Here is a general overview of the fruit body formation:

1. Hyphal Aggregation: Fungi consist of thread-like structures called hyphae. When conditions are suitable, hyphae from the mycelium (the vegetative part of the fungus) aggregate and form a compact mass, known as the primordium or the mushroom "pin."

2. Differentiation: Within the primordium, specific regions start to differentiate into different parts of the fruit body, such as the cap, stem, gills, and veil. This process involves the activation of specific genes and the production of different cell types.

3. Expansion and Maturation: As the fruit body develops, the cap expands, the stem elongates, and the gills or pores mature. The spore-producing cells, basidia, develop on the gills or pores, and the spores start to form within them.

4. Spore Release: Once the fruit body has matured, it is ready to release its spores. Various mechanisms can aid in spore dispersal, such as wind, water, or animal interactions. The released spores can then germinate and give rise to new fungal colonies.

It's important to note that the specific details of fruit body formation can vary among different fungal species. The process is influenced by genetic factors, environmental conditions, and interactions with other organisms.