Question

Установите последовательность этапов пищеварения. а) механическая обработка пищи в ротовой полости б) расщепление ушлеродов под действием ферментов слюны в) смешивание пищи с желудочным соком г) расщепление углеродов, белков и жиров до элементарных органических соединений д) удаление непереваренных остатков пищи из организма к) всасывание питательных веществ в кровь и лимфу

Answer 1

1А) ; 2Б) ; 3В) ; 4Г) ; 5К) ; 6Д)

Answer 2

Sequence of Digestion Process

The process of digestion involves several stages that allow the body to break down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and utilized by the body. The sequence of these stages is as follows:

a) Mechanical processing of food in the oral cavity: The first stage of digestion begins in the mouth, where food is mechanically broken down through chewing and mixing with saliva. This process helps to increase the surface area of the food, making it easier to digest and absorb [[1]].

b) Hydrolysis of carbohydrates by salivary enzymes: The salivary glands in the mouth secrete enzymes, such as amylase, which initiate the breakdown of carbohydrates into simpler sugars. This process is known as hydrolysis and is essential for the digestion of complex carbohydrates [[2]].

c) Mixing of food with gastric juice: After swallowing, the food travels down the esophagus and enters the stomach. In the stomach, the food is mixed with gastric juice, which contains hydrochloric acid and enzymes like pepsin. The acidic environment helps to denature proteins and activate pepsin, which begins the breakdown of proteins into smaller peptides [[3]].

d) Hydrolysis of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats: The partially digested food, known as chyme, moves from the stomach to the small intestine. Here, the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes, such as pancreatic amylase, trypsin, and lipase. These enzymes further break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into their elemental organic compounds, such as simple sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids [[4]].

e) Elimination of undigested food residues: The indigestible components of food, such as fiber and other waste materials, pass through the large intestine and are eliminated from the body as feces. This process helps to remove waste products and maintain the health of the digestive system [[5]].

f) Absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream and lymph: The final stage of digestion occurs in the small intestine, where the digested nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream and lymphatic system. The inner lining of the small intestine is covered in tiny finger-like projections called villi, which increase the surface area for absorption. Nutrients, such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids, are transported across the intestinal wall and enter the bloodstream or lymphatic vessels to be distributed to the body's cells [[6]].

It is important to note that the process of digestion is complex and involves the coordination of various organs and enzymes. Each stage plays a crucial role in breaking down food and extracting nutrients for energy and growth.