Question

Что такое инфаркт? что такое инсульт? что такое некроз? (кратко)

Answer 1

Прекращение тока крови при спазме артерий или их закупорке.

"И. сердечной мышцы"

Острое нарушение мозгового кровообращения, сопровождающееся внезапной потерей сознания и параличами.


необратимое прекращение жизненной активности клеток, тканей или органов в живом организме, вызванное влиянием болезнетворных микробов. Причиной некроза может быть разрушение ткани механическим, термическим, химическим, инфекционно-токсическим агентом.

Answer 2

What is a heart attack (infarction)?

A heart attack, also known as myocardial infarction, occurs when the blood flow to a part of the heart muscle is blocked, usually by a blood clot. This blockage prevents oxygen-rich blood from reaching the heart muscle, leading to damage or death of the heart tissue. Heart attacks are a medical emergency and require immediate attention.

The most common cause of a heart attack is the buildup of fatty deposits called plaques in the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart. When a plaque ruptures, it can cause a blood clot to form, blocking the blood flow. Other factors that can contribute to a heart attack include smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, and a family history of heart disease [[1]].

The symptoms of a heart attack can vary, but they often include chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, nausea, lightheadedness, and pain or discomfort in the arms, back, neck, jaw, or stomach. It is important to note that not all heart attacks cause severe chest pain, and some may even be "silent" without any noticeable symptoms [[2]].

What is a stroke (cerebrovascular accident)?

A stroke, also known as a cerebrovascular accident (CVA), occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, depriving brain cells of oxygen and nutrients. This can happen either due to a blockage in an artery (ischemic stroke) or bleeding in the brain (hemorrhagic stroke).

Ischemic strokes are the most common type and occur when a blood clot blocks an artery in the brain. Hemorrhagic strokes, on the other hand, occur when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures and causes bleeding. Strokes are also a medical emergency and require immediate medical attention.

The risk factors for stroke include high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol, obesity, atrial fibrillation (an irregular heartbeat), a family history of stroke, and certain medical conditions such as sickle cell disease and sleep apnea [[3]].

The symptoms of a stroke can vary depending on the part of the brain affected, but they often include sudden weakness or numbness on one side of the body, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, sudden severe headache, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination, and trouble with vision in one or both eyes. It is important to remember the acronym FAST to recognize the signs of a stroke: Face drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulty, Time to call emergency services [[4]].

What is necrosis?

Necrosis is a type of cell death that occurs as a result of injury, infection, or disease. It is characterized by the premature death of cells and the subsequent breakdown of cellular components. Unlike apoptosis, which is a programmed cell death that occurs naturally as part of normal development and tissue homeostasis, necrosis is an uncontrolled and pathological process.

Necrosis can be caused by various factors, including physical trauma, exposure to toxins or radiation, lack of oxygen (hypoxia), infections, autoimmune diseases, and certain medical conditions such as diabetes and cancer. The exact mechanisms of necrosis can vary depending on the cause, but they often involve the release of enzymes that damage cellular structures and trigger an inflammatory response.

The consequences of necrosis can vary depending on the extent and location of the cell death. In some cases, necrosis can lead to the formation of a necrotic core in tissues, which can further contribute to inflammation and tissue damage. In other cases, the body may attempt to repair the damaged tissue through processes such as fibrosis or the formation of scar tissue.

It is important to note that necrosis is different from apoptosis, which is a controlled and programmed cell death that occurs naturally as part of normal physiological processes. Apoptosis plays a crucial role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and eliminating damaged or unnecessary cells.

In summary, a heart attack is a blockage of blood flow to the heart, a stroke is a blockage or bleeding in the brain, and necrosis is a type of cell death that occurs due to injury, infection, or disease. All three conditions require immediate medical attention and can have serious consequences if left untreated.

[[1]] Source: Mayo Clinic - Heart attack: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-attack/symptoms-causes/syc-20373106 [[2]] Source: American Heart Association - Heart attack symptoms in women: https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/warning-signs-of-a-heart-attack/heart-attack-symptoms-in-women [[3]] Source: Mayo Clinic - Stroke: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stroke/symptoms-causes/syc-20350113 [[4]] Source: American Stroke Association - Stroke warning signs and symptoms: https://www.stroke.org/en/about-stroke/stroke-symptoms