Question

Какова биологическая роль нуклеиновых кислот?

Answer 1

Ответ:

Нуклеиновые кислоты ДНК и РНК присутствуют в клетках всех живых организмов и выполняют важнейшие функции по хранению, передаче и реализации наследственной информации.

Answer 2

Ответ:

Нуклеиновые кислоты — это природные высокомолекулярные соединения (полинуклеотиды), которые играют огромную роль в хранении и передаче наследственной информации в живых организмах.

Answer 3

The Biological Role of Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids play a crucial role in biology as they are responsible for storing, transmitting, and expressing genetic information. There are two types of nucleic acids: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Let's explore their biological roles in more detail:

1. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid): DNA is the genetic material found in almost all living organisms. It is a double-stranded molecule that carries the instructions necessary for the development, functioning, and reproduction of all known organisms. The biological roles of DNA include:

- Genetic Storage: DNA stores the genetic information that determines an organism's traits, such as physical characteristics, biochemical processes, and susceptibility to diseases. This information is encoded in the sequence of nucleotide bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) along the DNA molecule. - Replication: DNA undergoes replication, a process by which an identical copy of the DNA molecule is produced. This ensures that genetic information is passed on accurately from one generation to the next. - Gene Expression: DNA serves as a template for the synthesis of RNA molecules, which are involved in protein synthesis. Through a process called transcription, DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA), which carries the genetic instructions from the DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.

2. RNA (Ribonucleic Acid): RNA is a single-stranded molecule that plays various roles in gene expression and protein synthesis. There are different types of RNA, including messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). The biological roles of RNA include:

- Transcription: RNA is synthesized through a process called transcription, where a DNA template is used to produce complementary RNA molecules. This process allows the genetic information encoded in DNA to be transferred to RNA. - Messenger RNA (mRNA): mRNA carries the genetic instructions from DNA to the ribosomes, where it serves as a template for protein synthesis. It carries the information encoded in DNA to the cytoplasm, where proteins are synthesized. - Transfer RNA (tRNA): tRNA molecules are responsible for bringing amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis. Each tRNA molecule carries a specific amino acid and recognizes the corresponding codon on the mRNA molecule. - Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): rRNA is a major component of ribosomes, which are the cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis. rRNA molecules help in the assembly of amino acids into proteins based on the instructions provided by mRNA.

In summary, nucleic acids, specifically DNA and RNA, play a fundamental role in storing, transmitting, and expressing genetic information in living organisms. DNA carries the genetic blueprint, while RNA molecules are involved in the process of gene expression and protein synthesis.