Question

Из каких отделов состоит скелет млекопитающих ​

Answer 1

Ответ:

Скелет пояса передних конечностей состоит из плечевого пояса. Его основу у млекопитающих составляют лопатки. Вороньи кости, или коракоиды, утратили самостоятельность и приросли к лопаткам. Исключение составляют утконос и ехидна. Ключицы развиты у большинства млекопитающих, но отсутствуют у собак, лошадей и коров, ноги которых перемещаются только вдоль продольной оси тела.

Answer 2

The Structure of the Skeleton in Mammals

The skeleton of mammals is composed of several different parts or divisions. These divisions include the axial skeleton, the appendicular skeleton, and the visceral skeleton.

1. Axial Skeleton: The axial skeleton is the central part of the skeleton and includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. It provides support and protection for the body's vital organs.

- The skull is made up of several bones that protect the brain and house the sensory organs such as the eyes, ears, and nose. - The vertebral column consists of a series of individual bones called vertebrae, which are stacked on top of each other. It provides support for the body and protects the spinal cord. - The rib cage is a bony structure that surrounds and protects the thoracic organs, such as the heart and lungs. It is made up of the sternum (breastbone) and a series of ribs.

2. Appendicular Skeleton: The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the limbs and the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton.

- The pectoral girdle or shoulder girdle consists of the clavicle (collarbone) and scapula (shoulder blade). It attaches the upper limbs to the axial skeleton. - The pelvic girdle or hip girdle consists of the hip bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis). It attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton. - The upper limbs include the bones of the arms (humerus), forearms (radius and ulna), wrists (carpals), hands (metacarpals), and fingers (phalanges). - The lower limbs include the bones of the thighs (femur), legs (tibia and fibula), ankles (tarsals), feet (metatarsals), and toes (phalanges).

3. Visceral Skeleton: The visceral skeleton is a specialized part of the skeleton found in some mammals. It consists of bones that support and protect the organs of the respiratory and digestive systems.

- In some mammals, such as birds and reptiles, the visceral skeleton includes bones called gizzard stones or gastroliths that aid in the digestion of food.

Overall, the skeleton of mammals is a complex structure that provides support, protection, and mobility for the body. It is divided into the axial skeleton, the appendicular skeleton, and in some cases, the visceral skeleton.