Question

Причины старения человека с точки зрения эволюции.

Answer 1

Ответ:

Существует 7 основных причин: повреждение генома, эпигенетические факторы, укорочение теломер, развернутая реакция белка, дисфункция митохондрий, клеточное старение и истощение стволовых клеток. Геном — это сумма генетической информации человека или вида.

Answer 2

Evolutionary Reasons for Human Aging

Human aging is a complex process influenced by various factors, including genetics, lifestyle, and environmental factors. From an evolutionary perspective, there are several theories that attempt to explain the reasons behind human aging. It is important to note that these theories are still subject to ongoing research and debate.

1. Mutation Accumulation Theory: According to this theory, aging is a result of the accumulation of harmful mutations in the genome over time. Mutations that have negative effects later in life, such as those affecting cellular repair mechanisms, may not be strongly selected against because they have little impact on reproductive success earlier in life. As a result, these mutations can accumulate and contribute to the aging process.

2. Disposable Soma Theory: This theory suggests that organisms have limited resources available for maintenance and repair. These resources are allocated between reproduction and somatic maintenance (maintenance of the body). As individuals age, resources are gradually shifted away from somatic maintenance and towards reproduction, leading to the deterioration of the body over time.

3. Antagonistic Pleiotropy Theory: According to this theory, certain genes that have beneficial effects early in life may also have detrimental effects later in life. These genes are said to exhibit antagonistic pleiotropy. Natural selection favors these genes because of their positive effects early in life, even though they may contribute to aging later on.

4. Evolutionary Theories of Senescence: These theories propose that aging is a result of a decline in the force of natural selection with age. In other words, natural selection becomes less effective at eliminating harmful mutations or traits that contribute to aging as individuals grow older. This decline in selection pressure allows age-related traits to persist and accumulate over time.

It is important to note that these theories are not mutually exclusive, and multiple factors may contribute to the aging process. Additionally, the field of evolutionary biology is constantly evolving, and new theories and evidence may emerge in the future to further our understanding of human aging.