Question

Сравнительная характеристика клеток растения и животного

Answer 1

Пластиды (хлоропласты, лейкопласты, хромопласты) характерны преимущественно для растений, поскольку их основная задача - это обеспечить автотрофный способ питания. У животных в противовес растениям существуют пищеварительные вакуоли, которые обеспечивают гетеротрофный способ питания. 

Answer 2

Comparative Characteristics of Plant and Animal Cells

Plant and animal cells are both types of eukaryotic cells, meaning they have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. However, there are several key differences between these two types of cells. Let's compare the characteristics of plant and animal cells in more detail:

1. Cell Wall: - Plant cells have a rigid cell wall composed of cellulose, which provides structural support and protection for the cell. - Animal cells do not have a cell wall. Instead, they have a flexible cell membrane that surrounds the cell.

2. Shape: - Plant cells are typically rectangular or square-shaped due to the presence of a cell wall. - Animal cells have a more irregular shape and can be round, oval, or elongated.

3. Vacuoles: - Plant cells have large central vacuoles that occupy a significant portion of the cell's volume. These vacuoles store water, nutrients, and waste products and help maintain turgor pressure, which contributes to the rigidity of the cell. - Animal cells have smaller and more numerous vacuoles that are involved in storing and transporting substances within the cell. However, animal cells do not have a central vacuole like plant cells.

4. Chloroplasts: - Plant cells contain chloroplasts, which are responsible for photosynthesis. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, a pigment that captures sunlight and converts it into chemical energy. - Animal cells do not have chloroplasts and are unable to carry out photosynthesis.

5. Lysosomes: - Plant cells have fewer lysosomes compared to animal cells. Lysosomes are responsible for intracellular digestion and the breakdown of waste materials. - Animal cells have numerous lysosomes that aid in the digestion of macromolecules and the removal of cellular waste.

6. Plasmodesmata and Gap Junctions: - Plant cells are connected by plasmodesmata, which are channels that allow for the exchange of materials and communication between adjacent cells. - Animal cells are connected by gap junctions, which are specialized protein channels that allow for direct communication and exchange of small molecules between adjacent cells.

7. Centrioles: - Plant cells do not have centrioles, which are involved in cell division. - Animal cells have centrioles, which play a crucial role in cell division by organizing the microtubules that form the spindle apparatus.

8. Mobility: - Plant cells are generally immobile, as they are firmly anchored to the ground by their cell walls. - Animal cells are typically mobile and can move independently or as part of a larger organism.

In summary, while plant and animal cells share some similarities, such as having a nucleus and other organelles, they also have distinct characteristics. Plant cells have a cell wall, large central vacuoles, and chloroplasts, while animal cells lack a cell wall, have smaller vacuoles, and do not contain chloroplasts. Additionally, plant cells are typically immobile, while animal cells are often mobile.

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