Question

7. Опишите механизм работы вакцины в организме. Почему после введения вакцины организм приобретает устойчивый иммунитет к данному заболеванию?

Answer 1

Болезни, которые можно предотвратить посредством вакцинации, могут быть опасными, и даже смертельными. Прививки существенно понижают риск заражения, используя естественные защитные реакции организма, чтобы выработать иммунитет к болезни. Нижеприведённая информация разъясняет, каким образом организм борется с инфекцией, и как действует вакцина для защиты человека посредством вырабатывания иммунитета к болезни.

Answer 2

Mechanism of Action of Vaccines

Vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to recognize and respond to specific pathogens, such as viruses or bacteria, that cause diseases. When a vaccine is administered, it contains either a weakened or inactivated form of the pathogen, or specific parts of the pathogen, such as proteins or sugars. This stimulates the immune system to produce an immune response, which includes the production of antibodies and the activation of immune cells.

Immune Response and Development of Immunity

After the administration of a vaccine, the immune system recognizes the components of the pathogen present in the vaccine as foreign and mounts an immune response. This response involves several steps:

1. Recognition: The immune system recognizes the antigens (foreign substances) present in the vaccine. Antigens can be specific proteins, sugars, or other molecules found on the surface of the pathogen.

2. Activation: Immune cells, such as dendritic cells, capture the antigens from the vaccine and present them to other immune cells called T cells. This presentation activates the T cells, which play a crucial role in coordinating the immune response.

3. Antibody Production: B cells, another type of immune cell, are also activated by the antigens. These B cells produce antibodies, which are proteins that can recognize and bind to specific antigens. Antibodies help neutralize the pathogen and prevent its entry into cells.

4. Memory Cells Formation: During the immune response, some of the activated B and T cells differentiate into memory cells. These memory cells "remember" the specific antigens encountered during the vaccination and remain in the body for a long time.

5. Rapid Response: If the vaccinated individual is exposed to the actual pathogen in the future, the memory cells recognize the antigens and mount a rapid and specific immune response. This response includes the production of antibodies and the activation of immune cells, which help eliminate the pathogen before it can cause disease.

Development of Long-lasting Immunity

The administration of vaccines helps the immune system develop long-lasting immunity to specific diseases. This is achieved through the formation of memory cells, as mentioned earlier. These memory cells can persist in the body for years or even a lifetime, providing a rapid and effective immune response upon re-exposure to the pathogen.

The presence of memory cells allows the immune system to respond quickly and efficiently to the pathogen, preventing the development of the disease or reducing its severity. This is why individuals who have been vaccinated against a particular disease are less likely to become infected or experience severe symptoms if they encounter the pathogen again.

It is important to note that the duration of immunity can vary depending on the specific vaccine and disease. Some vaccines provide lifelong immunity, while others may require booster doses to maintain protection over time.

Conclusion

In summary, vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to recognize and respond to specific pathogens. The immune response leads to the production of antibodies and the formation of memory cells, which provide long-lasting immunity. This mechanism of action allows the vaccinated individual to develop a strong and rapid immune response upon exposure to the actual pathogen, preventing the development of the disease or reducing its severity.