Question

Как происходило развитие системы дыхания у хордовых?срочно ​

Answer 1

Ответ:

С развитием системы кожных покровов газообмен с внешней средой стал осуществляться главным образом через покровы. У низших хордовых основную роль в процессах газообмена играет кожное дыхание. Газообмен проходит путём диффузии кислорода и углекислого газа.

Answer 2

Development of the Respiratory System in Chordates

The development of the respiratory system in chordates is a complex process that involves the evolution of various structures and mechanisms to facilitate gas exchange. Chordates, which include vertebrates and some invertebrates, have evolved a diverse range of respiratory adaptations to suit their environments and lifestyles.

Evolutionary Origins: The respiratory system in chordates has evolved over time to meet the demands of different environments and lifestyles. In early chordates, gas exchange likely occurred across the body surface through diffusion. As chordates evolved, specialized respiratory structures developed to improve the efficiency of gas exchange.

Key Adaptations: 1. Gills and Pharyngeal Slits: In aquatic chordates, such as fish, gills and pharyngeal slits play a crucial role in gas exchange. These structures allow water to flow over respiratory surfaces, facilitating the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

2. Lungs: The evolution of lungs allowed some chordates to transition to terrestrial environments. Lungs are specialized respiratory organs that enable efficient gas exchange in air-breathing vertebrates, including amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

3. Diaphragm and Rib Cage: In mammals, the development of a diaphragm and rib cage further improved the efficiency of lung-based respiration. The diaphragm aids in breathing by creating changes in thoracic cavity volume, while the rib cage protects the lungs and assists in the breathing process.

Embryonic Development: During embryonic development, the respiratory system in vertebrates undergoes a series of complex morphogenetic processes. This includes the formation of the respiratory diverticulum, which gives rise to the trachea, bronchi, and lungs. The development of the respiratory system is tightly regulated by various signaling pathways and transcription factors.

Summary: The development of the respiratory system in chordates involves a series of evolutionary adaptations and embryonic processes that have allowed these organisms to thrive in diverse environments. From gills in aquatic species to lungs in terrestrial vertebrates, the respiratory system has undergone significant changes to meet the demands of different habitats.