Question

Что такое иммунитет? Как оно образуется?

Answer 1

Иммунитет — это биологическая система защиты организма от инфекций. Если иммунитет выключить, например, на несколько дней, то человек погибнет — сразу же будет съеден микробами. Без иммунитета, как и без почек, организм проживет только несколько дней. Признаки нарушения иммунитета — тяжелое заболевание, инфекция, например, пневмония, остеомиелит, гнойное заболевание костей, внутренних органов, постоянная температура, слабость. Такой человек совсем не может функционировать самостоятельно, он вынужден принимать антибиотики, лежит в больницах. Из известных всем дефектов иммунной системы можно назвать СПИД — синдром приобретенного иммунодефицита. Но есть врожденные иммунодефициты, они не заразные, но в то же время там есть дефект иммунной системы.

Answer 2

What is immunity and how is it formed?

Immunity refers to the body's ability to defend itself against harmful pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. It is a complex system that involves various components, including white blood cells, antibodies, and specialized organs like the thymus and bone marrow. Immunity can be divided into two types: innate immunity and adaptive immunity.

Innate immunity is the first line of defense against pathogens and is present from birth. It includes physical barriers like the skin and mucous membranes, as well as cellular components like natural killer cells and phagocytes. Innate immunity provides immediate protection but is not specific to particular pathogens.

Adaptive immunity, on the other hand, is a more specialized and targeted defense mechanism. It develops over time as the body is exposed to different pathogens. Adaptive immunity involves the production of specific antibodies and the activation of immune cells called lymphocytes. This type of immunity has memory, meaning that once the body has encountered a specific pathogen, it can mount a faster and more effective response upon subsequent exposure.

The formation of immunity involves several processes. When a pathogen enters the body, it is recognized by the immune system as foreign. This recognition triggers an immune response, which involves the activation of immune cells and the production of antibodies. Antibodies are proteins that bind to specific antigens on the surface of pathogens, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. The immune system also produces memory cells that "remember" the specific pathogen, allowing for a faster and stronger response in case of reinfection.

The formation of immunity can occur through natural exposure to pathogens or through vaccination. Natural exposure happens when the body comes into contact with a pathogen, either through infection or by being exposed to small amounts of the pathogen. Vaccination, on the other hand, involves the administration of a weakened or inactivated form of the pathogen or its components. This stimulates the immune system to produce a response without causing the disease itself. Vaccination helps to build immunity and protect against future infections.

In summary, immunity is the body's defense mechanism against pathogens. It involves both innate and adaptive components and can be formed through natural exposure or vaccination. Immunity provides protection against specific pathogens and can be long-lasting due to the presence of memory cells.