Question

1-Что такое ферменты? Приведите примеры известных вам ферментов. Каков механизм работы ферментов? 2-Раскройте роль ферментов в организме человека. Приведите примеры

Answer 1

Ответ:

1)Ферме́нты, или энзи́мы, — обычно сложные белковые соединения, РНК или их комплексы, ускоряющие химические реакции в живых системах. сахараза расщепляет сахарозу до глюкозы и фруктозы;

мальтаза расщепляет мальтозу до глюкозы;

изомальтаза расщепляет мальтозу и изомальтозу до глюкозы;

лактаза расщепляет лактозу до глюкозы и галактозы.

Каждый фермент ускоряет только одну какую-либо реакцию или группу однотипных реакций, это позволяет организму быстро и точно выполнить четкую программу синтеза нужных ему соединений на основе молекул, содержаащихся в пище, или продуктов их превращений.

2) Биологические катализаторы - ускоряют химические реакции, имеют белковую природу

Пример: каталаза расщипляет углеводы

Answer 2

What are Enzymes?

Enzymes are biological molecules (mostly proteins) that act as catalysts and help speed up chemical reactions in living organisms. They do so by lowering the activation energy required for a reaction to occur, thus making the reaction proceed much faster than it would without the enzyme.

An example of a well-known enzyme is catalase, which is found in nearly all living organisms exposed to oxygen. It helps in the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen, as shown by the reaction: ``` 2 H2O2 → 2 H2O + O2 ``` This reaction is vital for the cell's protection against oxidative damage.

Another example is amylase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch into sugars. It is found in saliva and pancreatic fluid, aiding in the digestion of carbohydrates.

Mechanism of Enzyme Action

Enzymes work by binding to the substrate (the molecule upon which an enzyme acts) at the enzyme's active site, forming an enzyme-substrate complex. This binding lowers the activation energy required for the reaction to occur, thus speeding up the reaction. Once the reaction is complete, the products are released, and the enzyme is free to bind to another substrate and repeat the process.

Role of Enzymes in the Human Body

Enzymes play a crucial role in the human body. They are involved in various physiological processes, such as digestion, metabolism, and cellular signaling. For example, digestive enzymes like amylase, protease, and lipase help break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in the food we eat, allowing the body to absorb nutrients.

Another example is DNA polymerase, an enzyme involved in DNA replication, which is essential for cell division and growth. Additionally, catalase helps protect cells from damage by reactive oxygen species.

Enzymes are also involved in the regulation of various metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, ensuring that these processes proceed efficiently.

In summary, enzymes are essential for the proper functioning of the human body, as they facilitate numerous biochemical reactions necessary for life.

Would you like to know more about any specific aspect of enzymes or their role in the human body?