Question

Самостійна робота • 1. Назвіть типи розмноження тварин. • 2.Як називається форма розмноження без запліднення? • 3. Назвіть види нестатевого розмноження(3) з прикладами. 4. Який набір хромосом у заплідненої яйцеклітини, гаплоїдний чи дипло дний? • 5. Який спосіб розмноження характерний для найпростіших організмів, • 6. Назвіть способи статевого розмноження(3) • 7. Який тип розмноження забезпечуе краше пристосування до умов та виживання? • 8. Назвіть типи запліднення у тварин з прикладами.

Answer 1

Ответ:

1. статевий, не статевий або вегетативний спосіб.

2. не статеве.

3. розмноження поділом(амеба, евглева), розмноження спорами(гриби), вегетативне(гідра, губки, коралові поліпи).

4. диплоїдний.

5. розмноження поділом

6. партеногенез і самозапліднення.

7. статеве.

8. зовнішнє(риби, молюски, земноводні)

внутрішнє(ссавці)

Answer 2

Types of Animal Reproduction

There are several types of animal reproduction, including:

1. Asexual Reproduction: In asexual reproduction, offspring are produced without the involvement of gametes (sex cells) or the fusion of genetic material from two parents. This type of reproduction results in offspring that are genetically identical or very similar to the parent. Examples of asexual reproduction include binary fission in bacteria, budding in hydra, and fragmentation in starfish [[1]].

2. Sexual Reproduction: Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametes from two parents, resulting in offspring that inherit genetic material from both parents. This type of reproduction leads to genetic diversity and variation among offspring. Examples of sexual reproduction include internal fertilization in mammals, external fertilization in fish, and pollination in plants [[2]].

Form of Reproduction without Fertilization

The form of reproduction without fertilization is called parthenogenesis. Parthenogenesis is a type of asexual reproduction in which an unfertilized egg develops into a new individual. This process occurs naturally in some species, such as certain insects, reptiles, and fish. It can also be induced artificially in some animals, including certain species of birds and mammals [[3]].

Types of Asexual Reproduction with Examples

There are several types of asexual reproduction, each with its own characteristics and examples. Here are three examples:

1. Binary Fission: Binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction in which an organism divides into two equal-sized daughter cells. This process is commonly observed in single-celled organisms like bacteria and protists [[4]].

2. Budding: Budding is a form of asexual reproduction in which a new individual develops as an outgrowth or bud from the parent organism. The bud eventually detaches and becomes an independent organism. Examples of organisms that reproduce by budding include hydra and yeast [[5]].

3. Fragmentation: Fragmentation is a type of asexual reproduction in which an organism breaks into fragments, and each fragment develops into a new individual. This process is observed in organisms like starfish and flatworms [[6]].

Chromosome Set in Fertilized Egg Cell

The chromosome set in a fertilized egg cell is diploid. In sexual reproduction, the sperm and egg cells each contribute half of the genetic material, resulting in a diploid zygote. The diploid chromosome set contains two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent [[7]].

Reproduction Method in Simplest Organisms

The simplest organisms, such as bacteria and some protists, reproduce primarily through binary fission. Binary fission is a form of asexual reproduction in which a single organism divides into two identical daughter cells. This process allows for rapid population growth and is well-suited for simple organisms that lack complex reproductive structures [[8]].

Methods of Sexual Reproduction

There are several methods of sexual reproduction, including:

1. Internal Fertilization: Internal fertilization occurs when the fusion of gametes takes place inside the body of the female. This method is observed in many mammals, including humans, as well as some reptiles and birds. It allows for greater protection of the developing embryo and increases the chances of successful reproduction [[9]].

2. External Fertilization: External fertilization occurs when the fusion of gametes takes place outside the body of the organism. This method is common in aquatic organisms, such as fish and amphibians. The male and female release their gametes into the water, where fertilization occurs. External fertilization is often associated with the production of a large number of gametes to increase the chances of successful fertilization [[10]].

3. Pollination: Pollination is a method of sexual reproduction in plants. It involves the transfer of pollen from the male reproductive organ (stamen) to the female reproductive organ (pistil) of a flower. This process can occur through various means, including wind, water, or the assistance of animals like bees and butterflies [[11]].

Reproduction Type for Better Adaptation and Survival

The type of reproduction that ensures better adaptation and survival is sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction leads to genetic diversity among offspring, which increases the chances of some individuals having traits that are advantageous in changing environments. This genetic variation allows for adaptation to new conditions and enhances the overall survival of a species [[12]].

I hope this information is helpful! Let me know if you have any further questions.