Question

Составить таблицу на тему эволюции дыхательной системы

Answer 1

Ответ:

Эволюция дыхательной системы

• У одноклеточных организмов дыхание осуществляется через поверхность (мембрану) клетки.
• У низших многоклеточных животных газообмен идёт через всю поверхность наружных и внутренних (кишечник) клеток организма.
• У насекомых тело покрыто кутикулой и поэтому появляются специальные дыхательные трубочки (трахеи), пронизывающие всё тело.
• У рыб органами дыхания являются жабры - многочисленные листочки с капиллярами.
• У земноводных появляются воздухоносные мешки (лёгкие), в которых воздух обновляется с помощью дыхательных движений. Однако, основной обмен газов идёт через поверхность кожи и составляет 2/3 всего объёма.
• У пресмыкающихся, птиц и млекопитающих лёгкие уже развиты хорошо, а кожа становится защитным покровом и через неё газообмен не превышает 1%.
• У лошадей при высокой физической нагрузке дыхание через кожу возрастает до 8%.

Answer 2

Evolution of the Respiratory System

The respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of gases, primarily oxygen and carbon dioxide, between an organism and its environment. Throughout the course of evolution, the respiratory system has undergone significant changes to adapt to different environments and meet the metabolic demands of organisms.

Here is a table summarizing the evolution of the respiratory system:

| Era/Period | Key Features | |------------|--------------| | Prehistoric Era | - Simple diffusion of gases across the body surface. | | Paleozoic Era | - Development of gills for aquatic respiration in early fish. | | Mesozoic Era | - Evolution of lungs in amphibians, allowing for respiration in both water and air. | | Cenozoic Era | - Development of specialized respiratory structures in reptiles, birds, and mammals. | | Modern Era | - Highly efficient lungs and respiratory systems in mammals and birds. |

Prehistoric Era: During this era, organisms relied on simple diffusion of gases across their body surface for respiration. This method was sufficient for small, simple organisms with low metabolic demands.

Paleozoic Era: In the Paleozoic Era, early fish developed gills for aquatic respiration. Gills allowed for efficient extraction of oxygen from water, enabling fish to thrive in aquatic environments.

Mesozoic Era: During the Mesozoic Era, lungs evolved in amphibians, allowing them to breathe air in addition to extracting oxygen from water through their gills. This adaptation provided amphibians with the ability to survive in both aquatic and terrestrial environments.

Cenozoic Era: In the Cenozoic Era, reptiles, birds, and mammals developed specialized respiratory structures to meet their metabolic demands. Reptiles, such as snakes and lizards, have lungs that are more efficient than those of amphibians. Birds have highly efficient lungs and air sacs that enable them to extract oxygen more effectively, allowing for sustained flight. Mammals, including humans, have complex lungs with alveoli, which greatly increase the surface area available for gas exchange.

Modern Era: In the modern era, mammals and birds have highly efficient respiratory systems. Mammals have a diaphragm and intercostal muscles that aid in breathing, allowing for a more controlled and efficient exchange of gases. Birds have a unique respiratory system that involves the use of air sacs, which allow for a continuous flow of air through their lungs, ensuring a constant supply of oxygen during flight.

It is important to note that the evolution of the respiratory system is a complex process influenced by various factors, including environmental conditions, metabolic demands, and evolutionary pressures. The table provided above offers a simplified overview of the major developments in the respiratory system throughout different eras.