Question

Нужно срочно 16. Начертите схему рефлекторной дуги отдергивания руки от горячего предмета. Укажите количество нейронов, положение рецепторов и терминалей. 26. Сравните строение и функции спинного и продолговатого мозга. Что общего и каковы различия? 46. Каково взаимодействие симпатического и парасимпатического отделов автономной нервной системы? 56. К чему приводят повреждения затылочных долей полушарий? 66. Какие последствия повреждения шейного отдела спинного мозга?

Answer 1

Ответ:

66.Слабость, нарушение координации или паралич в любой части тела Онемение, покалывание или потеря чувствительности в кистях, пальцах, ступнях или пальцах ног Потеря контроля работы кишечника или мочевого пузыря Трудности при ходьбе и в поддержании баланса

Answer 2

I'm sorry, but I'm unable to draw diagrams as I'm a text-based AI assistant. However, I can provide you with information about the topics you mentioned. Let's go through each question one by one:

16. Начертите схему рефлекторной дуги отдергивания руки от горячего предмета. Укажите количество нейронов, положение рецепторов и терминалей.

The reflex arc for withdrawing the hand from a hot object involves several components. Here is a simplified description of the reflex arc:

1. Receptor: The receptors in the skin of the hand detect the heat and pain stimulus from the hot object. 2. Sensory Neuron: The sensory neuron, also known as the afferent neuron, carries the sensory information from the receptors to the central nervous system (CNS). 3. Interneuron: In the spinal cord, the sensory neuron synapses with an interneuron, which relays the information to the motor neuron. 4. Motor Neuron: The motor neuron, also known as the efferent neuron, carries the motor command from the CNS to the muscles of the hand. 5. Effector: The muscles of the hand receive the motor command and contract, causing the hand to be withdrawn from the hot object.

The reflex arc involves at least three neurons: the sensory neuron, the interneuron, and the motor neuron. The receptors are located in the skin of the hand, and the terminals of the motor neuron are located in the muscles of the hand.

26. Сравните строение и функции спинного и продолговатого мозга. Что общего и каковы различия?

The spinal cord and the medulla oblongata (part of the brainstem) have distinct structures and functions, but they are both important components of the central nervous system. Here are some key points about their structure and functions:

Spinal Cord: - Structure: The spinal cord is a long, cylindrical bundle of nerve fibers that extends from the base of the brain down the vertebral column. - Functions: - Sensory Processing: The spinal cord receives sensory information from the body and relays it to the brain for processing. - Motor Control: The spinal cord sends motor commands from the brain to the muscles and organs of the body. - Reflexes: The spinal cord is responsible for coordinating reflex actions, such as the withdrawal reflex mentioned earlier.

Medulla Oblongata: - Structure: The medulla oblongata is located at the base of the brainstem, just above the spinal cord. - Functions: - Vital Functions: The medulla oblongata controls vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion. - Relay Center: It serves as a relay center, transmitting information between the brain and the spinal cord. - Reflexes: The medulla oblongata is involved in certain reflexes, such as the cough reflex and the swallowing reflex.

While the spinal cord primarily deals with sensory processing, motor control, and reflexes, the medulla oblongata is more focused on vital functions and relaying information between the brain and the spinal cord.

46. Каково взаимодействие симпатического и парасимпатического отделов автономной нервной системы?

The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are two branches of the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary bodily functions. Here's an overview of their interaction:

Sympathetic Division: - Activation: The sympathetic division is activated during times of stress, excitement, or emergency situations. It is often referred to as the "fight-or-flight" response. - Effects: When activated, the sympathetic division increases heart rate, dilates the airways, constricts blood vessels in non-essential organs, and releases stress hormones like adrenaline. These responses prepare the body for action.

Parasympathetic Division: - Activation: The parasympathetic division is activated during restful and non-stressful situations. It is often referred to as the "rest-and-digest" response. - Effects: When activated, the parasympathetic division slows down heart rate, constricts the airways, stimulates digestion, and promotes relaxation and recovery.

Interaction: - Balance: The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions work together to maintain homeostasis and balance in the body. They have opposing effects on various organs and systems, allowing for precise control of bodily functions. - Autonomic Tone: The balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity is regulated by the autonomic tone, which determines the overall level of activity in each division. The autonomic tone can shift depending on the body's needs and external stimuli.

Overall, the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system work in harmony to regulate bodily functions and respond to different situations.

56. К чему приводят повреждения затылочных долей полушарий?

Damage to the occipital lobes, which are located in the posterior part of the cerebral hemispheres, can have various effects on visual perception and processing. Here are some potential consequences of occipital lobe damage:

- Visual Impairments: Damage to the occipital lobes can result in partial or complete loss of vision in one or both eyes. This condition is known as cortical blindness. - Visual Field Defects: Depending on the location and extent of the damage, individuals may experience specific visual field defects, such as homonymous hemianopia (loss of vision in half of the visual field). - Visual Agnosia: Occipital lobe damage can lead to visual agnosia, a condition in which individuals have difficulty recognizing and identifying objects, even though their vision may be intact. - Visual Hallucinations: Some individuals with occipital lobe damage may experience visual hallucinations, seeing things that are not actually present. - Impaired Visual Processing: Damage to the occipital lobes can disrupt various aspects of visual processing, including color perception, depth perception, and motion perception.

It's important to note that the specific effects of occipital lobe damage can vary depending on the location and extent of the injury, as well as individual differences.

66. Какие последствия повреждения шейного отдела спинного мозга?

Damage to the cervical (neck) region of the spinal cord can have significant consequences due to the involvement of nerves that control various bodily functions. Here are some potential consequences of cervical spinal cord injury:

- Paralysis: Damage to the cervical spinal cord can result in paralysis or weakness in the arms, legs, and potentially the entire body, depending on the level and severity of the injury. This paralysis is typically referred to as tetraplegia or quadriplegia. - Loss of Sensation: Cervical spinal cord injury can lead to loss of sensation below the level of the injury. This can affect the ability to feel touch, temperature, and pain in the affected areas. - Respiratory Issues: Damage to the cervical spinal cord can impair the function of the muscles involved in breathing, potentially leading to respiratory difficulties or the need for mechanical ventilation. - Autonomic Dysfunction: The autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary bodily functions, can be affected by cervical spinal cord injury. This can result in issues such as abnormal blood pressure regulation, temperature regulation, and bowel and bladder control. - Secondary Complications: Individuals with cervical spinal cord injury are at an increased risk of developing secondary complications, such as pressure sores, urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, and blood clots.

The specific consequences of cervical spinal cord injury can vary depending on the level and severity of the injury, as well as individual factors. Rehabilitation and supportive care are crucial for individuals with cervical spinal cord injury to maximize their functional abilities and quality of life.